MySQL 5.1 Reference Manual

Table of Contents     [+/-]

Preface and Legal Notices

1. General Information     [+/-]

1.1. About This Manual

1.2. Typographical and Syntax Conventions

1.3. Overview of the MySQL Database Management System     [+/-]

1.3.1. What is MySQL?

1.3.2. The Main Features of MySQL

1.3.3. History of MySQL

1.4. What Is New in MySQL 5.1

1.5. MySQL Development History

1.6. MySQL Information Sources     [+/-]

1.6.1. MySQL Mailing Lists

1.6.2. MySQL Community Support at the MySQL Forums

1.6.3. MySQL Community Support on Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

1.6.4. MySQL Enterprise

1.7. How to Report Bugs or Problems

1.8. MySQL Standards Compliance     [+/-]

1.8.1. What Standards MySQL Follows

1.8.2. Selecting SQL Modes

1.8.3. Running MySQL in ANSI Mode

1.8.4. MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL

1.8.5. MySQL Differences from Standard SQL

1.8.6. How MySQL Deals with Constraints

1.9. Credits     [+/-]

1.9.1. Contributors to MySQL

1.9.2. Documenters and translators

1.9.3. Packages that support MySQL

1.9.4. Tools that were used to create MySQL

1.9.5. Supporters of MySQL

2. Installing and Upgrading MySQL     [+/-]

2.1. General Installation Guidance     [+/-]

2.1.1. Operating Systems Supported by MySQL Community Server

2.1.2. Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install

2.1.3. How to Get MySQL

2.1.4. Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG

2.1.5. Installation Layouts

2.1.6. Compiler-Specific Build Characteristics

2.2. Installing MySQL from Generic Binaries on Unix/Linux

2.3. Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows     [+/-]

2.3.1. MySQL Installation Layout on Microsoft Windows

2.3.2. Choosing the Installation Package for Microsoft Windows

2.3.3. Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using an MSI Package

2.3.4. MySQL Notifier for Microsoft Windows

2.3.5. Using the MySQL Server Instance Config Wizard

2.3.6. Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using a noinstall Zip Archive

2.3.7. Troubleshooting a Microsoft Windows MySQL Server Installation

2.3.8. Upgrading MySQL Server on Microsoft Windows

2.3.9. MySQL Server on Microsoft Windows Postinstallation Procedures

2.4. Installing MySQL on Mac OS X     [+/-]

2.4.1. General Notes on Installing MySQL on Mac OS X

2.4.2. Installing MySQL on Mac OS X Using Native Packages

2.4.3. Installing the MySQL Startup Item

2.4.4. Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane

2.4.5. Using the Bundled MySQL on Mac OS X Server

2.5. Installing MySQL on Linux     [+/-]

2.5.1. Installing MySQL from RPM Packages on Linux

2.5.2. Installing MySQL on Linux using Native Package Manager

2.6. Installing MySQL on Solaris and OpenSolaris     [+/-]

2.6.1. Installing MySQL on Solaris using a Solaris PKG

2.6.2. Installing MySQL on OpenSolaris using IPS

2.7. Installing MySQL on IBM AIX     [+/-]

2.7.1. General Notes on Installing MySQL on AIX

2.8. Installing MySQL on HP-UX     [+/-]

2.8.1. General Notes on Installing MySQL on HP-UX

2.8.2. Installing MySQL on HP-UX using DEPOT

2.9. Installing MySQL on FreeBSD

2.10. Installing MySQL on i5/OS

2.11. Installing MySQL from Source     [+/-]

2.11.1. MySQL Layout for Source Installation

2.11.2. Installing MySQL from a Standard Source Distribution

2.11.3. Installing MySQL from a Development Source Tree

2.11.4. MySQL Source-Configuration Options

2.11.5. Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL

2.11.6. Compiling and Linking an Optimized mysqld Server

2.11.7. Installing MySQL from Source on Windows

2.11.8. Notes on Installing MySQL on Solaris from Source

2.11.9. Notes on Installing MySQL on AIX from Source

2.11.10. Notes on Installing MySQL on HP-UX from Source

2.12. Postinstallation Setup and Testing     [+/-]

2.12.1. Unix Postinstallation Procedures

2.12.2. Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts

2.13. Upgrading or Downgrading MySQL     [+/-]

2.13.1. Upgrading MySQL

2.13.2. Downgrading MySQL

2.13.3. Checking Whether Tables or Indexes Must Be Rebuilt

2.13.4. Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes

2.13.5. Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine

2.14. Environment Variables

2.15. Perl Installation Notes     [+/-]

2.15.1. Installing Perl on Unix

2.15.2. Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows

2.15.3. Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface

3. Tutorial     [+/-]

3.1. Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server

3.2. Entering Queries

3.3. Creating and Using a Database     [+/-]

3.3.1. Creating and Selecting a Database

3.3.2. Creating a Table

3.3.3. Loading Data into a Table

3.3.4. Retrieving Information from a Table

3.4. Getting Information About Databases and Tables

3.5. Using mysql in Batch Mode

3.6. Examples of Common Queries     [+/-]

3.6.1. The Maximum Value for a Column

3.6.2. The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column

3.6.3. Maximum of Column per Group

3.6.4. The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Column

3.6.5. Using User-Defined Variables

3.6.6. Using Foreign Keys

3.6.7. Searching on Two Keys

3.6.8. Calculating Visits Per Day

3.6.9. Using AUTO_INCREMENT

3.7. Using MySQL with Apache

4. MySQL Programs     [+/-]

4.1. Overview of MySQL Programs

4.2. Using MySQL Programs     [+/-]

4.2.1. Invoking MySQL Programs

4.2.2. Connecting to the MySQL Server

4.2.3. Specifying Program Options

4.2.4. Setting Environment Variables

4.3. MySQL Server and Server-Startup Programs     [+/-]

4.3.1. mysqld — The MySQL Server

4.3.2. mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script

4.3.3. mysql.server — MySQL Server Startup Script

4.3.4. mysqld_multi — Manage Multiple MySQL Servers

4.4. MySQL Installation-Related Programs     [+/-]

4.4.1. comp_err — Compile MySQL Error Message File

4.4.2. make_win_bin_dist — Package MySQL Distribution as Zip Archive

4.4.3. mysqlbug — Generate Bug Report

4.4.4. mysql_fix_privilege_tables — Upgrade MySQL System Tables

4.4.5. mysql_install_db — Initialize MySQL Data Directory

4.4.6. mysql_secure_installation — Improve MySQL Installation Security

4.4.7. mysql_tzinfo_to_sql — Load the Time Zone Tables

4.4.8. mysql_upgrade — Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables

4.5. MySQL Client Programs     [+/-]

4.5.1. mysql — The MySQL Command-Line Tool

4.5.2. mysqladmin — Client for Administering a MySQL Server

4.5.3. mysqlcheck — A Table Maintenance Program

4.5.4. mysqldump — A Database Backup Program

4.5.5. mysqlimport — A Data Import Program

4.5.6. mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information

4.5.7. mysqlslap — Load Emulation Client

4.6. MySQL Administrative and Utility Programs     [+/-]

4.6.1. innochecksum — Offline InnoDB File Checksum Utility

4.6.2. myisam_ftdump — Display Full-Text Index information

4.6.3. myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility

4.6.4. myisamlog — Display MyISAM Log File Contents

4.6.5. myisampack — Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables

4.6.6. mysqlaccess — Client for Checking Access Privileges

4.6.7. mysqlbinlog — Utility for Processing Binary Log Files

4.6.8. mysqldumpslow — Summarize Slow Query Log Files

4.6.9. mysqlhotcopy — A Database Backup Program

4.6.10. mysqlmanager — The MySQL Instance Manager

4.6.11. mysql_convert_table_format — Convert Tables to Use a Given Storage Engine

4.6.12. mysql_find_rows — Extract SQL Statements from Files

4.6.13. mysql_fix_extensions — Normalize Table File Name Extensions

4.6.14. mysql_setpermission — Interactively Set Permissions in Grant Tables

4.6.15. mysql_waitpid — Kill Process and Wait for Its Termination

4.6.16. mysql_zap — Kill Processes That Match a Pattern

4.7. MySQL Program Development Utilities     [+/-]

4.7.1. msql2mysql — Convert mSQL Programs for Use with MySQL

4.7.2. mysql_config — Get Compile Options for Compiling Clients

4.7.3. my_print_defaults — Display Options from Option Files

4.7.4. resolve_stack_dump — Resolve Numeric Stack Trace Dump to Symbols

4.8. Miscellaneous Programs     [+/-]

4.8.1. perror — Explain Error Codes

4.8.2. replace — A String-Replacement Utility

4.8.3. resolveip — Resolve Host name to IP Address or Vice Versa

5. MySQL Server Administration     [+/-]

5.1. The MySQL Server     [+/-]

5.1.1. Server Option and Variable Reference

5.1.2. Server Configuration Defaults

5.1.3. Server Command Options

5.1.4. Server System Variables

5.1.5. Using System Variables

5.1.6. Server Status Variables

5.1.7. Server SQL Modes

5.1.8. Server Plugins

5.1.9. Server-Side Help

5.1.10. Server Response to Signals

5.1.11. The Shutdown Process

5.2. MySQL Server Logs     [+/-]

5.2.1. Selecting General Query and Slow Query Log Output Destinations

5.2.2. The Error Log

5.2.3. The General Query Log

5.2.4. The Binary Log

5.2.5. The Slow Query Log

5.2.6. Server Log Maintenance

5.3. Running Multiple MySQL Instances on One Machine     [+/-]

5.3.1. Setting Up Multiple Data Directories

5.3.2. Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Windows

5.3.3. Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Unix

5.3.4. Using Client Programs in a Multiple-Server Environment

6. Security     [+/-]

6.1. General Security Issues     [+/-]

6.1.1. Security Guidelines

6.1.2. Keeping Passwords Secure

6.1.3. Making MySQL Secure Against Attackers

6.1.4. Security-Related mysqld Options and Variables

6.1.5. How to Run MySQL as a Normal User

6.1.6. Security Issues with LOAD DATA LOCAL

6.1.7. Client Programming Security Guidelines

6.2. The MySQL Access Privilege System     [+/-]

6.2.1. Privileges Provided by MySQL

6.2.2. Privilege System Grant Tables

6.2.3. Specifying Account Names

6.2.4. Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification

6.2.5. Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification

6.2.6. When Privilege Changes Take Effect

6.2.7. Causes of Access-Denied Errors

6.3. MySQL User Account Management     [+/-]

6.3.1. User Names and Passwords

6.3.2. Adding User Accounts

6.3.3. Removing User Accounts

6.3.4. Setting Account Resource Limits

6.3.5. Assigning Account Passwords

6.3.6. Using SSL for Secure Connections

6.3.7. Connecting to MySQL Remotely from Windows with SSH

6.3.8. SQL-Based MySQL Account Activity Auditing

7. Backup and Recovery     [+/-]

7.1. Backup and Recovery Types

7.2. Database Backup Methods

7.3. Example Backup and Recovery Strategy     [+/-]

7.3.1. Establishing a Backup Policy

7.3.2. Using Backups for Recovery

7.3.3. Backup Strategy Summary

7.4. Using mysqldump for Backups     [+/-]

7.4.1. Dumping Data in SQL Format with mysqldump

7.4.2. Reloading SQL-Format Backups

7.4.3. Dumping Data in Delimited-Text Format with mysqldump

7.4.4. Reloading Delimited-Text Format Backups

7.4.5. mysqldump Tips

7.5. Point-in-Time (Incremental) Recovery Using the Binary Log     [+/-]

7.5.1. Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Times

7.5.2. Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Positions

7.6. MyISAM Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery     [+/-]

7.6.1. Using myisamchk for Crash Recovery

7.6.2. How to Check MyISAM Tables for Errors

7.6.3. How to Repair MyISAM Tables

7.6.4. MyISAM Table Optimization

7.6.5. Setting Up a MyISAM Table Maintenance Schedule

8. Optimization     [+/-]

8.1. Optimization Overview     [+/-]

8.1.1. MySQL Design Limitations and Tradeoffs

8.1.2. Designing Applications for Portability

8.1.3. The MySQL Benchmark Suite

8.1.4. Using Your Own Benchmarks

8.2. Obtaining Query Execution Plan Information     [+/-]

8.2.1. Optimizing Queries with EXPLAIN

8.2.2. EXPLAIN Output Format

8.2.3. EXPLAIN EXTENDED Output Format

8.2.4. Estimating Query Performance

8.3. Optimizing SQL Statements     [+/-]

8.3.1. Optimizing SELECT Statements

8.3.2. Optimizing Non-SELECT Statements

8.3.3. INFORMATION_SCHEMA Optimization

8.3.4. Other Optimization Tips

8.4. Controlling the Query Optimizer     [+/-]

8.4.1. Controlling Query Plan Evaluation

8.4.2. Controlling Switchable Optimizations

8.5. Optimization and Indexes     [+/-]

8.5.1. Column Indexes

8.5.2. Multiple-Column Indexes

8.5.3. How MySQL Uses Indexes

8.5.4. InnoDB and MyISAM Index Statistics Collection

8.6. Buffering and Caching     [+/-]

8.6.1. The MyISAM Key Cache

8.6.2. The InnoDB Buffer Pool

8.6.3. The MySQL Query Cache

8.7. Locking Issues     [+/-]

8.7.1. Internal Locking Methods

8.7.2. Table Locking Issues

8.7.3. Concurrent Inserts

8.7.4. External Locking

8.8. Optimizing Database Structure     [+/-]

8.8.1. Make Your Data as Small as Possible

8.8.2. Using PROCEDURE ANALYSE

8.8.3. How MySQL Opens and Closes Tables

8.8.4. Disadvantages of Creating Many Tables in the Same Database

8.8.5. How MySQL Uses Internal Temporary Tables

8.9. Optimizing the MySQL Server     [+/-]

8.9.1. System Factors and Startup Parameter Tuning

8.9.2. Tuning Server Parameters

8.9.3. How MySQL Uses Threads for Client Connections

8.9.4. How MySQL Uses Memory

8.9.5. Disk Issues

8.9.6. Using Symbolic Links

8.9.7. Enabling Large Page Support

8.9.8. DNS Lookup Optimization and the Host Cache

8.10. Examining Thread Information     [+/-]

8.10.1. Thread Command Values

8.10.2. General Thread States

8.10.3. Delayed-Insert Thread States

8.10.4. Query Cache Thread States

8.10.5. Replication Master Thread States

8.10.6. Replication Slave I/O Thread States

8.10.7. Replication Slave SQL Thread States

8.10.8. Replication Slave Connection Thread States

8.10.9. MySQL Cluster Thread States

8.10.10. Event Scheduler Thread States

9. Language Structure     [+/-]

9.1. Literal Values     [+/-]

9.1.1. String Literals

9.1.2. Number Literals

9.1.3. Date and Time Literals

9.1.4. Hexadecimal Literals

9.1.5. Boolean Literals

9.1.6. Bit-Field Literals

9.1.7. NULL Values

9.2. Schema Object Names     [+/-]

9.2.1. Identifier Qualifiers

9.2.2. Identifier Case Sensitivity

9.2.3. Mapping of Identifiers to File Names

9.2.4. Function Name Parsing and Resolution

9.3. Reserved Words

9.4. User-Defined Variables

9.5. Expression Syntax

9.6. Comment Syntax

10. Globalization     [+/-]

10.1. Character Set Support     [+/-]

10.1.1. Character Sets and Collations in General

10.1.2. Character Sets and Collations in MySQL

10.1.3. Specifying Character Sets and Collations

10.1.4. Connection Character Sets and Collations

10.1.5. Configuring the Character Set and Collation for Applications

10.1.6. Character Set for Error Messages

10.1.7. Collation Issues

10.1.8. String Repertoire

10.1.9. Operations Affected by Character Set Support

10.1.10. Unicode Support

10.1.11. UTF-8 for Metadata

10.1.12. Column Character Set Conversion

10.1.13. Character Sets and Collations That MySQL Supports

10.2. Setting the Error Message Language

10.3. Adding a Character Set     [+/-]

10.3.1. Character Definition Arrays

10.3.2. String Collating Support for Complex Character Sets

10.3.3. Multi-Byte Character Support for Complex Character Sets

10.4. Adding a Collation to a Character Set     [+/-]

10.4.1. Collation Implementation Types

10.4.2. Choosing a Collation ID

10.4.3. Adding a Simple Collation to an 8-Bit Character Set

10.4.4. Adding a UCA Collation to a Unicode Character Set

10.5. Character Set Configuration

10.6. MySQL Server Time Zone Support     [+/-]

10.6.1. Staying Current with Time Zone Changes

10.6.2. Time Zone Leap Second Support

10.7. MySQL Server Locale Support

11. Data Types     [+/-]

11.1. Data Type Overview     [+/-]

11.1.1. Numeric Type Overview

11.1.2. Date and Time Type Overview

11.1.3. String Type Overview

11.2. Numeric Types     [+/-]

11.2.1. Integer Types (Exact Value) - INTEGER, INT, SMALLINT, TINYINT, MEDIUMINT, BIGINT

11.2.2. Fixed-Point Types (Exact Value) - DECIMAL, NUMERIC

11.2.3. Floating-Point Types (Approximate Value) - FLOAT, DOUBLE

11.2.4. Bit-Value Type - BIT

11.2.5. Numeric Type Attributes

11.2.6. Out-of-Range and Overflow Handling

11.3. Date and Time Types     [+/-]

11.3.1. The DATE, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP Types

11.3.2. The TIME Type

11.3.3. The YEAR Type

11.3.4. YEAR(2) Limitations and Migrating to YEAR(4)

11.3.5. Automatic Initialization and Updating for TIMESTAMP

11.3.6. Fractional Seconds in Time Values

11.3.7. Conversion Between Date and Time Types

11.3.8. Two-Digit Years in Dates

11.4. String Types     [+/-]

11.4.1. The CHAR and VARCHAR Types

11.4.2. The BINARY and VARBINARY Types

11.4.3. The BLOB and TEXT Types

11.4.4. The ENUM Type

11.4.5. The SET Type

11.5. Data Type Default Values

11.6. Data Type Storage Requirements

11.7. Choosing the Right Type for a Column

11.8. Using Data Types from Other Database Engines

12. Functions and Operators     [+/-]

12.1. Function and Operator Reference

12.2. Type Conversion in Expression Evaluation

12.3. Operators     [+/-]

12.3.1. Operator Precedence

12.3.2. Comparison Functions and Operators

12.3.3. Logical Operators

12.3.4. Assignment Operators

12.4. Control Flow Functions

12.5. String Functions     [+/-]

12.5.1. String Comparison Functions

12.5.2. Regular Expressions

12.6. Numeric Functions and Operators     [+/-]

12.6.1. Arithmetic Operators

12.6.2. Mathematical Functions

12.7. Date and Time Functions

12.8. What Calendar Is Used By MySQL?

12.9. Full-Text Search Functions     [+/-]

12.9.1. Natural Language Full-Text Searches

12.9.2. Boolean Full-Text Searches

12.9.3. Full-Text Searches with Query Expansion

12.9.4. Full-Text Stopwords

12.9.5. Full-Text Restrictions

12.9.6. Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search

12.9.7. Adding a Collation for Full-Text Indexing

12.10. Cast Functions and Operators

12.11. XML Functions

12.12. Bit Functions

12.13. Encryption and Compression Functions

12.14. Information Functions

12.15. Miscellaneous Functions

12.16. Functions and Modifiers for Use with GROUP BY Clauses     [+/-]

12.16.1. GROUP BY (Aggregate) Functions

12.16.2. GROUP BY Modifiers

12.16.3. MySQL Extensions to GROUP BY

12.17. Spatial Extensions     [+/-]

12.17.1. Introduction to MySQL Spatial Support

12.17.2. The OpenGIS Geometry Model

12.17.3. Supported Spatial Data Formats

12.17.4. Creating a Spatially Enabled MySQL Database

12.17.5. Spatial Analysis Functions

12.17.6. Optimizing Spatial Analysis

12.17.7. MySQL Conformance and Compatibility

12.18. Precision Math     [+/-]

12.18.1. Types of Numeric Values

12.18.2. DECIMAL Data Type Changes

12.18.3. Expression Handling

12.18.4. Rounding Behavior

12.18.5. Precision Math Examples

13. SQL Statement Syntax     [+/-]

13.1. Data Definition Statements     [+/-]

13.1.1. ALTER DATABASE Syntax

13.1.2. ALTER EVENT Syntax

13.1.3. ALTER LOGFILE GROUP Syntax

13.1.4. ALTER FUNCTION Syntax

13.1.5. ALTER PROCEDURE Syntax

13.1.6. ALTER SERVER Syntax

13.1.7. ALTER TABLE Syntax

13.1.8. ALTER TABLESPACE Syntax

13.1.9. ALTER VIEW Syntax

13.1.10. CREATE DATABASE Syntax

13.1.11. CREATE EVENT Syntax

13.1.12. CREATE FUNCTION Syntax

13.1.13. CREATE INDEX Syntax

13.1.14. CREATE LOGFILE GROUP Syntax

13.1.15. CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION Syntax

13.1.16. CREATE SERVER Syntax

13.1.17. CREATE TABLE Syntax

13.1.18. CREATE TABLESPACE Syntax

13.1.19. CREATE TRIGGER Syntax

13.1.20. CREATE VIEW Syntax

13.1.21. DROP DATABASE Syntax

13.1.22. DROP EVENT Syntax

13.1.23. DROP FUNCTION Syntax

13.1.24. DROP INDEX Syntax

13.1.25. DROP LOGFILE GROUP Syntax

13.1.26. DROP PROCEDURE and DROP FUNCTION Syntax

13.1.27. DROP SERVER Syntax

13.1.28. DROP TABLE Syntax

13.1.29. DROP TABLESPACE Syntax

13.1.30. DROP TRIGGER Syntax

13.1.31. DROP VIEW Syntax

13.1.32. RENAME DATABASE Syntax

13.1.33. RENAME TABLE Syntax

13.1.34. TRUNCATE TABLE Syntax

13.2. Data Manipulation Statements     [+/-]

13.2.1. CALL Syntax

13.2.2. DELETE Syntax

13.2.3. DO Syntax

13.2.4. HANDLER Syntax

13.2.5. INSERT Syntax

13.2.6. LOAD DATA INFILE Syntax

13.2.7. REPLACE Syntax

13.2.8. SELECT Syntax

13.2.9. Subquery Syntax

13.2.10. UPDATE Syntax

13.3. MySQL Transactional and Locking Statements     [+/-]

13.3.1. START TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK Syntax

13.3.2. Statements That Cannot Be Rolled Back

13.3.3. Statements That Cause an Implicit Commit

13.3.4. SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, and RELEASE SAVEPOINT Syntax

13.3.5. LOCK TABLES and UNLOCK TABLES Syntax

13.3.6. SET TRANSACTION Syntax

13.3.7. XA Transactions

13.4. Replication Statements     [+/-]

13.4.1. SQL Statements for Controlling Master Servers

13.4.2. SQL Statements for Controlling Slave Servers

13.5. SQL Syntax for Prepared Statements     [+/-]

13.5.1. PREPARE Syntax

13.5.2. EXECUTE Syntax

13.5.3. DEALLOCATE PREPARE Syntax

13.5.4. Automatic Prepared Statement Repreparation

13.6. MySQL Compound-Statement Syntax     [+/-]

13.6.1. BEGIN ... END Compound-Statement Syntax

13.6.2. Statement Label Syntax

13.6.3. DECLARE Syntax

13.6.4. Variables in Stored Programs

13.6.5. Flow Control Statements

13.6.6. Cursors

13.6.7. Condition Handling

13.7. Database Administration Statements     [+/-]

13.7.1. Account Management Statements

13.7.2. Table Maintenance Statements

13.7.3. Plugin and User-Defined Function Statements

13.7.4. SET Syntax

13.7.5. SHOW Syntax

13.7.6. Other Administrative Statements

13.8. MySQL Utility Statements     [+/-]

13.8.1. DESCRIBE Syntax

13.8.2. EXPLAIN Syntax

13.8.3. HELP Syntax

13.8.4. USE Syntax

14. Storage Engines     [+/-]

14.1. Comparing Transaction and Nontransaction Engines

14.2. Other Storage Engines

14.3. Setting the Storage Engine

14.4. Overview of MySQL Storage Engine Architecture     [+/-]

14.4.1. Pluggable Storage Engine Architecture

14.4.2. The Common Database Server Layer

14.5. The MyISAM Storage Engine     [+/-]

14.5.1. MyISAM Startup Options

14.5.2. Space Needed for Keys

14.5.3. MyISAM Table Storage Formats

14.5.4. MyISAM Table Problems

14.6. The InnoDB Storage Engine     [+/-]

14.6.1. InnoDB Contact Information

14.6.2. Configuring InnoDB

14.6.3. InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables

14.6.4. Creating and Using InnoDB Tables

14.6.5. Adding, Removing, or Resizing InnoDB Data and Log Files

14.6.6. Backing Up and Recovering an InnoDB Database

14.6.7. Moving or Copying InnoDB Tables to Another Machine

14.6.8. The InnoDB Transaction Model and Locking

14.6.9. InnoDB Multi-Versioning

14.6.10. InnoDB Table and Index Structures

14.6.11. InnoDB Disk I/O and File Space Management

14.6.12. InnoDB Error Handling

14.6.13. InnoDB Performance Tuning and Troubleshooting

14.6.14. Limits on InnoDB Tables

14.7. The IBMDB2I Storage Engine     [+/-]

14.7.1. Installation

14.7.2. Configuration Options

14.7.3. Creating schemas and tables

14.7.4. Database/metadata management

14.7.5. Transaction behavior

14.7.6. Principles and Terminology

14.7.7. Notes and Limitations

14.7.8. Character sets and collations

14.7.9. Error codes and trouble-shooting information

14.8. The MERGE Storage Engine     [+/-]

14.8.1. MERGE Table Advantages and Disadvantages

14.8.2. MERGE Table Problems

14.9. The MEMORY Storage Engine

14.10. The EXAMPLE Storage Engine

14.11. The FEDERATED Storage Engine     [+/-]

14.11.1. FEDERATED Storage Engine Overview

14.11.2. How to Create FEDERATED Tables

14.11.3. FEDERATED Storage Engine Notes and Tips

14.11.4. FEDERATED Storage Engine Resources

14.12. The ARCHIVE Storage Engine

14.13. The CSV Storage Engine     [+/-]

14.13.1. Repairing and Checking CSV Tables

14.13.2. CSV Limitations

14.14. The BLACKHOLE Storage Engine

15. High Availability and Scalability     [+/-]

15.1. Oracle VM Template for MySQL Enterprise Edition

15.2. Overview of MySQL with DRBD/Pacemaker/Corosync/Oracle Linux

15.3. Overview of MySQL with Windows Failover Clustering

15.4. Using MySQL within an Amazon EC2 Instance     [+/-]

15.4.1. Setting Up MySQL on an EC2 AMI

15.4.2. EC2 Instance Limitations

15.4.3. Deploying a MySQL Database Using EC2

15.5. Using ZFS Replication     [+/-]

15.5.1. Using ZFS for File System Replication

15.5.2. Configuring MySQL for ZFS Replication

15.5.3. Handling MySQL Recovery with ZFS

15.6. Using MySQL with memcached     [+/-]

15.6.1. Installing memcached

15.6.2. Using memcached

15.6.3. Developing a memcached Application

15.6.4. Getting memcached Statistics

15.6.5. memcached FAQ

15.7. MySQL Proxy     [+/-]

15.7.1. MySQL Proxy Supported Platforms

15.7.2. Installing MySQL Proxy

15.7.3. MySQL Proxy Command Options

15.7.4. MySQL Proxy Scripting

15.7.5. Using MySQL Proxy

15.7.6. MySQL Proxy FAQ

16. Replication     [+/-]

16.1. Replication Configuration     [+/-]

16.1.1. How to Set Up Replication

16.1.2. Replication Formats

16.1.3. Replication and Binary Logging Options and Variables

16.1.4. Common Replication Administration Tasks

16.2. Replication Implementation     [+/-]

16.2.1. Replication Implementation Details

16.2.2. Replication Relay and Status Logs

16.2.3. How Servers Evaluate Replication Filtering Rules

16.3. Replication Solutions     [+/-]

16.3.1. Using Replication for Backups

16.3.2. Using Replication with Different Master and Slave Storage Engines

16.3.3. Using Replication for Scale-Out

16.3.4. Replicating Different Databases to Different Slaves

16.3.5. Improving Replication Performance

16.3.6. Switching Masters During Failover

16.3.7. Setting Up Replication Using SSL

16.4. Replication Notes and Tips     [+/-]

16.4.1. Replication Features and Issues

16.4.2. Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions

16.4.3. Upgrading a Replication Setup

16.4.4. Troubleshooting Replication

16.4.5. How to Report Replication Bugs or Problems

17. MySQL Cluster NDB 6.1 - 7.1     [+/-]

17.1. MySQL Cluster Overview     [+/-]

17.1.1. MySQL Cluster Core Concepts

17.1.2. MySQL Cluster Nodes, Node Groups, Replicas, and Partitions

17.1.3. MySQL Cluster Hardware, Software, and Networking Requirements

17.1.4. MySQL Cluster Development History

17.1.5. MySQL Server using InnoDB Compared with MySQL Cluster

17.1.6. Known Limitations of MySQL Cluster

17.2. MySQL Cluster Installation     [+/-]

17.2.1. Installing MySQL Cluster on Linux

17.2.2. Installing MySQL Cluster on Windows

17.2.3. Initial Configuration of MySQL Cluster

17.2.4. Initial Startup of MySQL Cluster

17.2.5. MySQL Cluster Example with Tables and Data

17.2.6. Safe Shutdown and Restart of MySQL Cluster

17.2.7. Upgrading and Downgrading MySQL Cluster

17.3. MySQL Cluster Configuration     [+/-]

17.3.1. Quick Test Setup of MySQL Cluster

17.3.2. MySQL Cluster Configuration Files

17.3.3. Overview of MySQL Cluster Configuration Parameters

17.3.4. MySQL Server Options and Variables for MySQL Cluster

17.3.5. Using High-Speed Interconnects with MySQL Cluster

17.4. MySQL Cluster Programs     [+/-]

17.4.1. ndbd — The MySQL Cluster Data Node Daemon

17.4.2. ndbinfo_select_all — Select From ndbinfo Tables

17.4.3. ndbmtd — The MySQL Cluster Data Node Daemon (Multi-Threaded)

17.4.4. ndb_mgmd — The MySQL Cluster Management Server Daemon

17.4.5. ndb_mgm — The MySQL Cluster Management Client

17.4.6. ndb_config — Extract MySQL Cluster Configuration Information

17.4.7. ndb_cpcd — Automate Testing for NDB Development

17.4.8. ndb_delete_all — Delete All Rows from an NDB Table

17.4.9. ndb_desc — Describe NDB Tables

17.4.10. ndb_drop_index — Drop Index from an NDB Table

17.4.11. ndb_drop_table — Drop an NDB Table

17.4.12. ndb_error_reporter — NDB Error-Reporting Utility

17.4.13. ndb_index_stat — NDB Index Statistics Utility

17.4.14. ndb_print_backup_file — Print NDB Backup File Contents

17.4.15. ndb_print_schema_file — Print NDB Schema File Contents

17.4.16. ndb_print_sys_file — Print NDB System File Contents

17.4.17. ndbd_redo_log_reader — Check and Print Content of Cluster Redo Log

17.4.18. ndb_restore — Restore a MySQL Cluster Backup

17.4.19. ndb_select_all — Print Rows from an NDB Table

17.4.20. ndb_select_count — Print Row Counts for NDB Tables

17.4.21. ndb_show_tables — Display List of NDB Tables

17.4.22. ndb_size.pl — NDBCLUSTER Size Requirement Estimator

17.4.23. ndb_waiter — Wait for MySQL Cluster to Reach a Given Status

17.4.24. Options Common to MySQL Cluster Programs — Options Common to MySQL Cluster Programs

17.5. Management of MySQL Cluster     [+/-]

17.5.1. Summary of MySQL Cluster Start Phases

17.5.2. Commands in the MySQL Cluster Management Client

17.5.3. Online Backup of MySQL Cluster

17.5.4. MySQL Server Usage for MySQL Cluster

17.5.5. Performing a Rolling Restart of a MySQL Cluster

17.5.6. Event Reports Generated in MySQL Cluster

17.5.7. MySQL Cluster Log Messages

17.5.8. MySQL Cluster Single User Mode

17.5.9. Quick Reference: MySQL Cluster SQL Statements

17.5.10. The ndbinfo MySQL Cluster Information Database

17.5.11. MySQL Cluster Security Issues

17.5.12. MySQL Cluster Disk Data Tables

17.5.13. Adding MySQL Cluster Data Nodes Online

17.5.14. Distributed MySQL Privileges for MySQL Cluster

17.5.15. NDB API Statistics Counters and Variables

17.6. MySQL Cluster Replication     [+/-]

17.6.1. MySQL Cluster Replication: Abbreviations and Symbols

17.6.2. General Requirements for MySQL Cluster Replication

17.6.3. Known Issues in MySQL Cluster Replication

17.6.4. MySQL Cluster Replication Schema and Tables

17.6.5. Preparing the MySQL Cluster for Replication

17.6.6. Starting MySQL Cluster Replication (Single Replication Channel)

17.6.7. Using Two Replication Channels for MySQL Cluster Replication

17.6.8. Implementing Failover with MySQL Cluster Replication

17.6.9. MySQL Cluster Backups With MySQL Cluster Replication

17.6.10. MySQL Cluster Replication: Multi-Master and Circular Replication

17.6.11. MySQL Cluster Replication Conflict Resolution

17.7. MySQL Cluster NDB 6.1 - 7.1 Release Notes     [+/-]

17.7.1. Changes in MySQL Cluster NDB 7.2

17.7.2. Changes in MySQL Cluster NDB 7.1

17.7.3. Changes in MySQL Cluster NDB 7.0

17.7.4. Changes in MySQL Cluster NDB 6.3

17.7.5. Changes in MySQL Cluster NDB 6.2

17.7.6. Changes in MySQL Cluster NDB 6.1

17.7.7. Release Series Changelogs: MySQL Cluster NDB 6.X and 7.X

18. Partitioning     [+/-]

18.1. Overview of Partitioning in MySQL

18.2. Partitioning Types     [+/-]

18.2.1. RANGE Partitioning

18.2.2. LIST Partitioning

18.2.3. HASH Partitioning

18.2.4. KEY Partitioning

18.2.5. Subpartitioning

18.2.6. How MySQL Partitioning Handles NULL

18.3. Partition Management     [+/-]

18.3.1. Management of RANGE and LIST Partitions

18.3.2. Management of HASH and KEY Partitions

18.3.3. Maintenance of Partitions

18.3.4. Obtaining Information About Partitions

18.4. Partition Pruning

18.5. Restrictions and Limitations on Partitioning     [+/-]

18.5.1. Partitioning Keys, Primary Keys, and Unique Keys

18.5.2. Partitioning Limitations Relating to Storage Engines

18.5.3. Partitioning Limitations Relating to Functions

18.5.4. Partitioning and Table-Level Locking

19. Stored Programs and Views     [+/-]

19.1. Defining Stored Programs

19.2. Using Stored Routines (Procedures and Functions)     [+/-]

19.2.1. Stored Routine Syntax

19.2.2. Stored Routines and MySQL Privileges

19.2.3. Stored Routine Metadata

19.2.4. Stored Procedures, Functions, Triggers, and LAST_INSERT_ID()

19.3. Using Triggers     [+/-]

19.3.1. Trigger Syntax

19.3.2. Trigger Metadata

19.4. Using the Event Scheduler     [+/-]

19.4.1. Event Scheduler Overview

19.4.2. Event Scheduler Configuration

19.4.3. Event Syntax

19.4.4. Event Metadata

19.4.5. Event Scheduler Status

19.4.6. The Event Scheduler and MySQL Privileges

19.5. Using Views     [+/-]

19.5.1. View Syntax

19.5.2. View Processing Algorithms

19.5.3. Updatable and Insertable Views

19.5.4. View Metadata

19.6. Access Control for Stored Programs and Views

19.7. Binary Logging of Stored Programs

20. INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables     [+/-]

20.1. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA CHARACTER_SETS Table

20.2. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATIONS Table

20.3. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY Table

20.4. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMNS Table

20.5. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMN_PRIVILEGES Table

20.6. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ENGINES Table

20.7. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA EVENTS Table

20.8. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_STATUS and SESSION_STATUS Tables

20.9. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_VARIABLES and SESSION_VARIABLES Tables

20.10. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA KEY_COLUMN_USAGE Table

20.11. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARTITIONS Table

20.12. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PLUGINS Table

20.13. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROCESSLIST Table

20.14. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROFILING Table

20.15. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS Table

20.16. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES Table

20.17. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMATA Table

20.18. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES Table

20.19. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA STATISTICS Table

20.20. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLES Table

20.21. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_CONSTRAINTS Table

20.22. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_PRIVILEGES Table

20.23. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS Table

20.24. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA USER_PRIVILEGES Table

20.25. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA VIEWS Table

20.26. INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables for MySQL Cluster     [+/-]

20.26.1. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA FILES Table

20.26.2. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ndb_transid_mysql_connection_map Table

20.27. Extensions to SHOW Statements

21. Connectors and APIs     [+/-]

21.1. MySQL Connector/ODBC     [+/-]

21.1.1. Connector/ODBC Versions

21.1.2. Connector/ODBC Introduction

21.1.3. Connector/ODBC Installation

21.1.4. Configuring Connector/ODBC

21.1.5. Connector/ODBC Examples

21.1.6. Connector/ODBC Reference

21.1.7. Connector/ODBC Notes and Tips

21.1.8. Connector/ODBC Support

21.2. MySQL Connector/Net     [+/-]

21.2.1. Connector/Net Versions

21.2.2. Installing Connector/Net

21.2.3. Connector/Net Visual Studio Integration

21.2.4. Connector/Net Tutorials

21.2.5. Connector/Net Programming

21.2.6. Connector/Net Connection String Options Reference

21.2.7. Connector/Net API Reference

21.2.8. Connector/Net Support

21.2.9. Connector/Net FAQ

21.3. MySQL Connector/J     [+/-]

21.3.1. Overview of MySQL Connector/J

21.3.2. Connector/J Versions

21.3.3. Connector/J Installation

21.3.4. Connector/J Examples

21.3.5. Connector/J (JDBC) Reference

21.3.6. JDBC Concepts

21.3.7. Connection Pooling with Connector/J

21.3.8. Load Balancing with Connector/J

21.3.9. Failover with Connector/J

21.3.10. Using the Connector/J Interceptor Classes

21.3.11. Using Connector/J with Tomcat

21.3.12. Using Connector/J with JBoss

21.3.13. Using Connector/J with Spring

21.3.14. Using Connector/J with GlassFish

21.3.15. Troubleshooting Connector/J Applications

21.3.16. Connector/J Support

21.4. MySQL Connector/C++     [+/-]

21.4.1. Installing the MySQL Connector/C++ Binary

21.4.2. Installing MySQL Connector/C++ from Source

21.4.3. MySQL Connector/C++ Building Windows Applications with Microsoft Visual Studio

21.4.4. MySQL Connector/C++ Building Linux Applications with NetBeans

21.4.5. MySQL Connector/C++ Getting Started: Usage Examples

21.4.6. MySQL Connector/C++ Tutorials

21.4.7. MySQL Connector/C++ Debug Tracing

21.4.8. MySQL Connector/C++ Usage Notes

21.4.9. MySQL Connector/C++ Known Bugs and Issues

21.4.10. MySQL Connector/C++ Feature requests

21.4.11. MySQL Connector/C++ Support

21.5. MySQL Connector/C     [+/-]

21.5.1. Building MySQL Connector/C from the Source Code

21.5.2. Testing MySQL Connector/C

21.5.3. MySQL Connector/C FAQ

21.6. MySQL Connector/Python     [+/-]

21.6.1. Guidelines for Python Developers

21.6.2. Connector/Python Versions

21.6.3. Connector/Python Installation

21.6.4. Connector/Python Coding Examples

21.6.5. Connector/Python Tutorials

21.6.6. Connector/Python Connection Arguments

21.6.7. Connector/Python API Reference

21.6.8. Connector/Python FAQ

21.7. libmysqld, the Embedded MySQL Server Library     [+/-]

21.7.1. Compiling Programs with libmysqld

21.7.2. Restrictions When Using the Embedded MySQL Server

21.7.3. Options with the Embedded Server

21.7.4. Embedded Server Examples

21.8. MySQL C API     [+/-]

21.8.1. C API Data Structures

21.8.2. C API Function Overview

21.8.3. C API Function Descriptions

21.8.4. C API Prepared Statements

21.8.5. C API Prepared Statement Data Structures

21.8.6. C API Prepared Statement Function Overview

21.8.7. C API Prepared Statement Function Descriptions

21.8.8. C API Threaded Function Descriptions

21.8.9. C API Embedded Server Function Descriptions

21.8.10. Common Questions and Problems When Using the C API

21.8.11. Controlling Automatic Reconnection Behavior

21.8.12. C API Support for Multiple Statement Execution

21.8.13. C API Prepared Statement Problems

21.8.14. C API Prepared Statement Handling of Date and Time Values

21.8.15. C API Support for Prepared CALL Statements

21.8.16. Building Client Programs

21.9. MySQL PHP API     [+/-]

21.9.1. Overview of the MySQL PHP drivers

21.9.2. Original MySQL API (Mysql)

21.9.3. MySQL Improved Extension (Mysqli)

21.9.4. MySQL Functions (PDO_MYSQL) (MySQL (PDO))

21.9.5. MySQL Native Driver (Mysqlnd)

21.9.6. Mysqlnd replication and load balancing plugin (mysqlnd_ms)

21.9.7. Mysqlnd query result cache plugin (mysqlnd_qc)

21.9.8. Mysqlnd user handler plugin (mysqlnd_uh)

21.9.9. Mysqlnd connection multiplexing plugin (mysqlnd_mux)

21.9.10. Mysqlnd Memache plugin (mysqlnd_memcache)

21.9.11. Connector/PHP

21.9.12. Common Problems with MySQL and PHP

21.9.13. Enabling Both mysql and mysqli in PHP

21.10. MySQL Perl API

21.11. MySQL Python API

21.12. MySQL Ruby APIs     [+/-]

21.12.1. The MySQL/Ruby API

21.12.2. The Ruby/MySQL API

21.13. MySQL Tcl API

21.14. MySQL Eiffel Wrapper

22. Extending MySQL     [+/-]

22.1. MySQL Internals     [+/-]

22.1.1. MySQL Threads

22.1.2. The MySQL Test Suite

22.2. The MySQL Plugin API     [+/-]

22.2.1. Plugin API Characteristics

22.2.2. Plugin API Components

22.2.3. Types of Plugins

22.2.4. Writing Plugins

22.3. Adding New Functions to MySQL     [+/-]

22.3.1. Features of the User-Defined Function Interface

22.3.2. Adding a New User-Defined Function

22.3.3. Adding a New Native Function

22.4. Debugging and Porting MySQL     [+/-]

22.4.1. Debugging a MySQL Server

22.4.2. Debugging a MySQL Client

22.4.3. The DBUG Package

23. MySQL Enterprise Edition     [+/-]

23.1. MySQL Enterprise Monitor

23.2. MySQL Enterprise Backup

23.3. MySQL Enterprise Security

23.4. MySQL Enterprise Audit

23.5. MySQL Thread Pool

24. MySQL Workbench

25. MySQL for Excel     [+/-]

25.1. Installing and Configuring

25.2. Edit MySQL Data

25.3. Import MySQL Data

25.4. Append MySQL Data

25.5. Export MySQL Data

A. Licenses for Third-Party Components     [+/-]

A.1. Ant-Contrib License

A.2. ANTLR 3 License

A.3. ANTLR 3.3 License

A.4. Boost Library License

A.5. c3p0 JDBC Library License

A.6. dtoa.c License

A.7. Editline Library (libedit) License

A.8. FindGTest.cmake License

A.9. Fred Fish's Dbug Library License

A.10. getarg License

A.11. GLib License (for MySQL Proxy)

A.12. GNU General Public License Version 2.0, June 1991

A.13. GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1, February 1999

A.14. GNU Libtool License

A.15. GNU Readline License

A.16. Google Controlling Master Thread I/O Rate Patch License

A.17. Google Perftools (TCMalloc utility) License

A.18. Google SMP Patch License

A.19. jboss-common-jdbc-wrapper.jar License

A.20. lib_sql.cc License

A.21. libevent License

A.22. Libiconv License

A.23. libintl License

A.24. Linux-PAM License

A.25. LPeg Library License

A.26. Lua (liblua) License

A.27. LuaFileSystem Library License

A.28. md5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5) License

A.29. memcached License

A.30. nt_servc (Windows NT Service class library) License

A.31. OpenPAM License

A.32. Paramiko License

A.33. PCRE License

A.34. Percona Multiple I/O Threads Patch License

A.35. RegEX-Spencer Library License

A.36. RFC 3174 - US Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1) License

A.37. Richard A. O'Keefe String Library License

A.38. SHA-1 in C License

A.39. Simple Logging Facade for Java (SLF4J) License

A.40. zlib License

A.41. ZLIB.NET License

B. MySQL 5.1 Frequently Asked Questions     [+/-]

B.1. MySQL 5.1 FAQ: General

B.2. MySQL 5.1 FAQ: Storage Engines

B.3. MySQL 5.1 FAQ: Server SQL Mode

B.4. MySQL 5.1 FAQ: Stored Procedures and Functions

B.5. MySQL 5.1 FAQ: Triggers

B.6. MySQL 5.1 FAQ: Views

B.7. MySQL 5.1 FAQ: INFORMATION_SCHEMA

B.8. MySQL 5.1 FAQ: Migration

B.9. MySQL 5.1 FAQ: Security

B.10. MySQL 5.1 FAQ: MySQL Cluster

B.11. MySQL 5.1 FAQ: MySQL Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Character Sets

B.12. MySQL 5.1 FAQ: Connectors & APIs

B.13. MySQL 5.1 FAQ: Replication

C. Errors, Error Codes, and Common Problems     [+/-]

C.1. Sources of Error Information

C.2. Types of Error Values

C.3. Server Error Codes and Messages

C.4. Client Error Codes and Messages

C.5. Problems and Common Errors     [+/-]

C.5.1. How to Determine What Is Causing a Problem

C.5.2. Common Errors When Using MySQL Programs

C.5.3. Installation-Related Issues

C.5.4. Administration-Related Issues

C.5.5. Query-Related Issues

C.5.6. Optimizer-Related Issues

C.5.7. Table Definition-Related Issues

C.5.8. Known Issues in MySQL

D. MySQL Release Notes     [+/-]

D.1. Changes in MySQL 5.1 (Production)     [+/-]

D.1.1. Changes in MySQL 5.1.68 (Not yet released)

D.1.2. Changes in MySQL 5.1.67 (2012-12-21)

D.1.3. Changes in MySQL 5.1.66 (2012-09-28)

D.1.4. Changes in MySQL 5.1.65 (2012-08-09)

D.1.5. Changes in MySQL 5.1.64 (Not released)

D.1.6. Changes in MySQL 5.1.63 (2012-05-07)

D.1.7. Changes in MySQL 5.1.62 (2012-03-21)

D.1.8. Changes in MySQL 5.1.61 (2012-01-10)

D.1.9. Changes in MySQL 5.1.60 (2011-11-16)

D.1.10. Changes in MySQL 5.1.59 (2011-09-15)

D.1.11. Changes in MySQL 5.1.58 (2011-07-05)

D.1.12. Changes in MySQL 5.1.57 (2011-05-05)

D.1.13. Changes in MySQL 5.1.56 (2011-03-01)

D.1.14. Changes in MySQL 5.1.55 (2011-02-07)

D.1.15. Changes in MySQL 5.1.54 (2010-11-26)

D.1.16. Changes in MySQL 5.1.53 (2010-11-03)

D.1.17. Changes in MySQL Enterprise 5.1.52sp1 [QSP] (2011-02-21)

D.1.18. Changes in MySQL 5.1.52 (2010-10-11)

D.1.19. Changes in MySQL 5.1.51 (2010-09-10)

D.1.20. Changes in MySQL 5.1.50 (2010-08-03)

D.1.21. Changes in MySQL Enterprise 5.1.49sp1 [QSP] (2010-09-28)

D.1.22. Changes in MySQL 5.1.49 (2010-07-09)

D.1.23. Changes in MySQL 5.1.48 (2010-06-02)

D.1.24. Changes in MySQL 5.1.47 (2010-05-06)

D.1.25. Changes in MySQL Enterprise 5.1.46sp1 [QSP] (2010-06-23)

D.1.26. Changes in MySQL 5.1.46 (2010-04-06)

D.1.27. Changes in MySQL 5.1.45 (2010-03-01)

D.1.28. Changes in MySQL 5.1.44 (2010-02-04)

D.1.29. Changes in MySQL Enterprise 5.1.43sp1 [QSP] (2010-03-25)

D.1.30. Changes in MySQL 5.1.43 (2010-01-15)

D.1.31. Changes in MySQL 5.1.42 (2009-12-15)

D.1.32. Changes in MySQL 5.1.41 (2009-11-05)

D.1.33. Changes in MySQL Enterprise 5.1.40sp1 [QSP] (2009-11-25)

D.1.34. Changes in MySQL 5.1.40 (2009-10-06)

D.1.35. Changes in MySQL 5.1.39 (2009-09-04)

D.1.36. Changes in MySQL 5.1.38 (2009-09-01)

D.1.37. Changes in MySQL Enterprise 5.1.37sp1 [QSP] (2009-10-10)

D.1.38. Changes in MySQL 5.1.37 (2009-07-13)

D.1.39. Changes in MySQL 5.1.36 (2009-06-16)

D.1.40. Changes in MySQL 5.1.35 (2009-05-13)

D.1.41. Changes in MySQL Enterprise 5.1.34sp1 [QSP] (2009-06-25)

D.1.42. Changes in MySQL 5.1.34 (2009-04-02)

D.1.43. Changes in MySQL 5.1.33 (2009-03-13)

D.1.44. Changes in MySQL 5.1.32 (2009-02-14)

D.1.45. Changes in MySQL Enterprise 5.1.31sp1 [QSP] (2009-03-19)

D.1.46. Changes in MySQL 5.1.31 (2009-01-19)

D.1.47. Changes in MySQL 5.1.30 (2008-11-14, General Availability)

D.1.48. Changes in MySQL 5.1.29 (2008-10-11)

D.1.49. Changes in MySQL 5.1.28 (2008-08-28)

D.1.50. Changes in MySQL 5.1.27 (Not released)

D.1.51. Changes in MySQL 5.1.26 (2008-06-30)

D.1.52. Changes in MySQL 5.1.25 (2008-05-28)

D.1.53. Changes in MySQL 5.1.24 (2008-04-08)

D.1.54. Changes in MySQL 5.1.23 (2008-01-29)

D.1.55. Changes in MySQL 5.1.22 (2007-09-24, Release Candidate)

D.1.56. Changes in MySQL 5.1.21 (2007-08-16)

D.1.57. Changes in MySQL 5.1.20 (2007-06-25)

D.1.58. Changes in MySQL 5.1.19 (2007-05-25)

D.1.59. Changes in MySQL 5.1.18 (2007-05-08)

D.1.60. Changes in MySQL 5.1.17 (2007-04-04)

D.1.61. Changes in MySQL 5.1.16 (2007-02-26)

D.1.62. Changes in MySQL 5.1.15 (2007-01-25)

D.1.63. Changes in MySQL 5.1.14 (2006-12-05)

D.1.64. Changes in MySQL 5.1.13 (Not released)

D.1.65. Changes in MySQL 5.1.12 (2006-10-24)

D.1.66. Changes in MySQL 5.1.11 (2006-05-26)

D.1.67. Changes in MySQL 5.1.10 (Not released)

D.1.68. Changes in MySQL 5.1.9 (2006-04-12)

D.1.69. Changes in MySQL 5.1.8 (Not released)

D.1.70. Changes in MySQL 5.1.7 (2006-02-27)

D.1.71. Changes in MySQL 5.1.6 (2006-02-01)

D.1.72. Changes in MySQL 5.1.5 (2006-01-10)

D.1.73. Changes in MySQL 5.1.4 (2005-12-21)

D.1.74. Changes in MySQL 5.1.3 (2005-11-29)

D.1.75. Changes in MySQL 5.1.2 (Not released)

D.1.76. Changes in MySQL 5.1.1 (Not released)

D.2. MySQL Connector/ODBC Change History

D.3. MySQL Connector/Net Change History

D.4. MySQL Visual Studio Plugin Change History

D.5. MySQL Connector/J Change History

D.6. MySQL Connector/C++ Change History

D.7. MySQL Proxy Change History

D.8. MySQL for Excel Change History

E. Restrictions and Limits     [+/-]

E.1. Restrictions on Stored Programs

E.2. Restrictions on Server-Side Cursors

E.3. Restrictions on Subqueries

E.4. Restrictions on Views

E.5. Restrictions on XA Transactions

E.6. Restrictions on Character Sets

E.7. Limits in MySQL     [+/-]

E.7.1. Limits of Joins

E.7.2. Limits on Number of Databases and Tables

E.7.3. Limits on Table Size

E.7.4. Table Column-Count and Row-Size Limits

E.7.5. Windows Platform Limitations

General Index

C Function Index

Command Index

Function Index

INFORMATION_SCHEMA Index

Join Types Index

Operator Index

Option Index

Privileges Index

SQL Modes Index

Statement/Syntax Index

System Variable Index

Status Variable Index

Transaction Isolation Level Index