Help needed with using jquery to check checkboxes from php array

Your HTML is invalid. id values must be unique within a document (reference).

That said, ignoring the id values, you could use this (live example):

$(':checkbox[name^=correct]').each(function() {
    switch (this.value) {
        case "0":
        case "3":
        case "4":
            this.checked = true;
            break;
     }
});

That uses a CSS3 substring selector (jQuery supports nearly all of CSS3) on the name attribute to select any checkbox with a name starting with correct, and then uses jQuery's each to loop through them. Then we set the checked property on the ones with the desired value.

You could also do it with a longer selector and without the loop (live example):

$(':checkbox[name^=correct][value=0], :checkbox[name^=correct][value=3], :checkbox[name^=correct][value=4]').attr('checked', true);

Update: Re-reading your question, it looks like you might need to do this more dynamically:

<script type='text/javascript'>
(function() {
    var boxes = $(); // Assumes jQuery 1.4 or higher
<?php foreach($toCheck as $checkMe) { ?>
    echo "boxes.add(':checkbox[name=^=correct][value=" . $toCheck . "]');";
<?php }; ?>
    boxes.attr('checked', true);
})();
</script>

...which would generate:

<script type='text/javascript'>
(function() {
    var boxes = $(); // Assumes jQuery 1.4 or higher
    boxes.add(':checkbox[name=^=correct][value=0]');
    boxes.add(':checkbox[name=^=correct][value=3]');
    boxes.add(':checkbox[name=^=correct][value=4]');
    boxes.attr('checked', true);
})();
</script>

...which would check the relevant boxes. But it wouldn't be very efficient (all of that document traversal), better off using PHP to combine the values into a selector or switch as shown above.