Java (programming language)

Not to be confused with JavaScript.

Java

Paradigm(s)	multi-paradigm: object-oriented, structured, imperative, generic, reflective
Appeared in	1995
Designed by	James Gosling and Sun Microsystems
Developer	Oracle Corporation
Stable release	Java Standard Edition 7 Update 2 (1.7.2) (December 12, 2011 (2011-12-12))
Typing discipline	Static, strong, safe, nominative, manifest
Major implementations	OpenJDK, many others
Dialects	Generic Java, Pizza
Influenced by	Ada 83, C++, C#, Eiffel, Generic Java, Mesa, Modula-3, Oberon, Objective-C, UCSD Pascal, Smalltalk
Influenced	Ada 2005, BeanShell, C#, Clojure, D, ECMAScript, Groovy, J#, JavaScript, PHP, Python, Scala, Vala
OS	Cross-platform (multi-platform)
License	GNU General Public License / Java Community Process
Usual filename extensions	.java, .class, .jar
Website	For Java Developers
Java Programming at Wikibooks

Java is a programming language. It was first developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems, which is now a part of Oracle Corporation. It was released in 1995 as a part of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language has developed much of its syntax from C and C++. Java applications are usually compiled to bytecode (class file) that can run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Java is currently one of the most popular programming languages being used. It has about 10 million users.

Java and JavaScript are not the same thing; in fact, they are not even related. JavaScript is a scripting language which is used mainly for web browsers.

Background

Java is object oriented. Java code looks a lot like C++ or C code. Unchanged C++ or C code will not work in Java, in most cases.

Java can run on many different operating systems. This makes Java platform independent. Java does this by making the Java compiler turn code into Java bytecode instead of machine code. This means that when the program is executed, the Java Virtual Machine interprets the bytecode and translates it into machine code.

Basic concepts

When Java was developed, they tried to reach these five goals:

• It should be simple, object-oriented, distributed and easy to learn.
• It should be robust and secure.
• It should be independent of a given computer architecture or platform.
• It should be very performant.
• It should be possible to write an interpreter for the language. The language should also support parallelism and use dynamic typing.

Platform

The Java platform refers to a group of software products from Sun Microsystems. The platform is used to develop and run Java programs. The platform includes the execution engine (called a Java Virtual Machine) that allows Java programs to do the same thing on different computer systems.

Example

An example Hello World program:

/**
 * This is a simple program in Java. 
 * It shows "Hello World!" on the screen. 
 */
class HelloWorldApp {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
         System.out.println("Hello World!"); 
    }
}

Types of Java

There are many types of Java programs which run differently:

• Applet - can be put online (in web browsers).
• Application - can only be run on the computer, cannot be put online.
• Servlet - runs on a server and helps to display web pages.
• Swing application - like an application, but can have a more graphical look.
• ejb - an application for business purpose

Criticism

The programming language Java has also been criticised. Some of the criticisms are:

• Generics were added to Java in such a way so that existing code would still keep running. This was done using type erasure. This means that during compilation, the actual type of a generic argument is removed. This can lead to the Java interpreter to behave in unexpected ways at times.
• Java has no unsigned integer types, which languages like C heavily use. This also means that its impossible to directly exchange numeric data between C and Java programs. Cryptography also relies on such types to some extent; this makes it more difficult to write applications that use cryptography in Java
• The IEEE has defined a standard for floating-point arithmetic, IEE 754. Java only supports a part of the features of this standard.

Other websites

• Java home page
• Java for developers
• Java tutorials from Sun
• A Brief History of the Green Project
• Java: The Inside Story
• Java Was Strongly Influenced by Objective-C
• The Java Saga
• A history of Java
• The Long Strange Trip to Java
• How to Program with Java
• Best practices in Java