I've made an assumption about the way you want the table to be formatted, but something like the following should get you most of the way there:

// Set up the table.
$header = array('Factory Name', 'Field Value');
$rows = array();

// Get some nids for the factories you're interested in. Your real query will probably be more specific (checking status etc).
$args = array(':type' => 'factory');
$factory_nids = db_query('SELECT nid FROM {node} WHERE type = :type', $args)->fetchCol();

// Load the factory nodes.
$factory_nodes = node_load_multiple($factory_nids);

foreach ($factory_nodes as $factory_node) {
  // Add the factory name to the first column of this row.
  $row = array($factory_node->title);

  // Get the latest measurement related to this factory with an EntityFieldQuery.
  // fieldCondition() and fieldOrderBy()/propertyOrderBy() are the important bits here.
  $query = new EntityFieldQuery();
  $query->entityCondition('entity_type', 'node')
    ->propertyCondition('type', 'measurement')
    ->propertyCondition('status', 1)
    // This is the entity reference condition; entity ref fields use 'target_id' as the field column name.
    ->fieldCondition('field_factory_reference', 'target_id', $factory_node->nid)
    // If the date you're interested in is in a field, use something like this...
    ->fieldOrderBy('field_measurement_date', 'value', 'DESC')
    // ...or if you're interested in the node created date, this
    ->propertyOrderBy('created', 'DESC')
    ->range(0, 1);

  $results = $query->execute();

  // Make sure there are some results.
  if (!empty($results['node'])) {
    // EntityFieldQuerys always return an array of nids even if there's only one result, 
    // so it's easier to run through node_load_multiple and shift the element later
    $measurement_nodes = node_load_multiple(array_keys($results['node']));

    // Get the node
    $latest_measurement_node = array_shift($measurement_nodes);

    if ($field_items = field_get_items('node', $latest_measurement_node, 'field_some_field')) {
      // If we have an appropriate value, add it to the row.
      $row[] = $field_items[0]['value'];
    }
    else {
      $row[] = 'No data found';
    }
  }
  else {
    $row[] = 'No data found';
  }

  $rows[] = $row;
}

$rendered_table = theme('table', array('header' => $header, 'rows' => $rows));