Simpler boolean truth table?

Sometimes it is easy to forget that the simplest logical constructs like boolean are comparable with the == operator, and that, in Java, (false == false) is true.

With this in mind, your code could become:

public boolean monkeyTrouble(boolean aSmile, boolean bSmile) {
    return aSmile == bSmile;
}

It may be easier to see how to get there if you first transform your original code into

public boolean monkeyTrouble(boolean aSmile, boolean bSmile) {
    if ((aSmile && bSmile) || (!aSmile && !bSmile)) {
        return true;
    } else {
        return false; 
    }
}

… which could become

public boolean monkeyTrouble(boolean aSmile, boolean bSmile) {
    return (aSmile && bSmile) || (!aSmile && !bSmile);
}

From there, you may come to the realization that "both true or both false" is equivalent to "both the same".

Here is a verification of the output:

public static boolean monkeyTrouble(boolean aSmile, boolean bSmile) {
    return aSmile == bSmile;
}

private static void testTruth(boolean a, boolean b) {
    System.out.printf("monkeyTrouble(%s, %s) = %s\n", a, b, monkeyTrouble(a, b));
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    testTruth(true, true);
    testTruth(true, false);
    testTruth(false, true);
    testTruth(false, false);
}

This produces:

monkeyTrouble(true, true) = true
monkeyTrouble(true, false) = false
monkeyTrouble(false, true) = false
monkeyTrouble(false, false) = true

This is the exclusive-or (or XOR) condition negated.

You can simply do this:

public boolean monkeyTrouble(boolean aSmile, boolean bSmile) {
    return !(aSmile ^ bSmile);
}

or, as it is so simply, you can use it in your code without the function.

Explanation of XOR operator ^:

a   ^    b     =   c

1        0         1
0        1         1
0        0         0
1        1         0