OOP syntax in Haskell

import Prelude hiding ((.))
a . b = b a

Objects can have properties:

[1,5,3,2].length -- 4
[1,5,3,2].maximum -- 5
'a'.succ -- 'b'

...and methods:

"Hello world!".take(5) -- "Hello"
"Hello world!".splitAt(2) -- ("He","llo world!")
"Hello world!".map(toUpper) -- "HELLO WORLD!"

goto in JavaScript?

My first thought was a functional approach – to add a parameter to the function to indicate where execution should start, using that with a switch statement and an outer loop repeatedly calling the function on its own return value. Unfortunately, that would preclude the use of local variables, as they would lose their values with every goto.

I could use a with statement and move all variable declarations to the beginning of the function, but there had to be a better way. It eventually came to me to use JavaScript's exception handling. In fact, Joel Spolsky said, "I consider exceptions to be no better than "goto's..." – obviously a perfect fit.

The idea was to put an infinite loop inside a function, terminated only by a return statement or an uncaught exception. All gotos, treated as exceptions, would be caught within the loop to prevent its termination. Here is the result of that approach:

function rewriteGoTo(func) {
    var code = '(';
    code += func.toString()
        .replace(/^\s*(\w+)\s*:/gm, 'case "$1":')
        .replace('{', '{ var $_label = ""; function goTo(label) { $_label = label; throw goTo; } while(true) try { { switch($_label) { case "": ');
    code += '} return; } catch($_e) { if($_e !== goTo) throw $_e; } })';
    return code;
}

You can use it like this – even in ES5 strict mode – except in Internet Explorer (demo):

var test = eval(rewriteGoTo(function(before) {
    var i = 1;
    again: print(before + i);
    i = i + 1;
    if(i <= 10) goTo('again');
}));

[Internet Explorer, for some reason, fails to eval the code of an anonymous function, so one would have to give the function a name (before rewriting) and call it using that name. Of course, that would probably break strict mode's rules.]

This does not allow jumping to a statement located within a block (until such constructs as Duff's device become legal), but we can deal with that (another, self-executing rewritten function), right?

Add macros to PHP

We can just use the C preprocessor for this task.

A php script:

<?php

#define ERROR(str) trigger_error(#str, E_USER_ERROR)

function test() {
        ERROR(Oops);
}

Pipe it though cpp:

cpp < test.php

Result:

<?php

function test() {
 trigger_error("Oops", E_USER_ERROR);
}

Pattern Matching Guards in Python

def pattern_match(n, s="__fns"):
 s=n+s;g=globals()
 def m(f):
  def a(*r):
   for f in g[s]:
    if reduce(lambda c,t:c and eval(t[1:],{},dict(zip(f.func_code.co_varnames,r))),filter(lambda x:x and x[0]is"|",map(lambda x:x.strip(),f.func_doc.split("\n")))): return f(*r)
  g[n]=a;g[s]=(g.get(s)or[])+[f]
  return a
 return m

The body of the function comes in at 288 characters.

Pattern Matching Guards allow you to use completely different functions depending on argument values. Although it can be easily emulated with a series of if statements, pattern matching can help separate sections of code, and it's a great excuse to do some crazy metaprogramming.

pattern_match is a decorator that creates a new function that implements pattern matching guards. The conditions for each "sub-function" given in each docstring on lines starting with a pipe (|). If all conditions evaluate truthily, that version of the function is run. Functions are tested in order until a match is found. Otherwise, None is returned.

An example will help clarify:

@pattern_match("test1")
def test1_a(a, b, c):
    """
    This pattern tests if a and c are positive

    | a > 0
    | c > 0
    """
    return a + b + c

@pattern_match("test1")
def test1_b(a, b, c):
    """
    This pattern only ensures b is positive

    | b > 0
    """
    return b + c

@pattern_match("test1")
def test1_c(a, b, c):
    """
    Final catchall

    | True
    """
    return 0


print test1(1,2,3) # (a) >>> 6
print test1(1,2,0) # (b) >>> 2
print test1(1,0,0) # (c) >>> 0
print test1(0,0,1) # (b) >>> 1

Computed come-from in Common Lisp

I initially implemented come-from. But that wasn't good enough.

Inspired by the computed goto, I decided to implement computed come-from.

(defmacro computed-come-from-tagbody (&rest statements)
  (let ((has-comp-come-from nil)
        (comp-come-from-var nil)
        (start-tag (gensym))
        (end-tag (gensym)))

    (let ((current-tag start-tag)
          (come-froms (make-hash-table :test #'eq)))

      (let ((clauses '()))
        (loop for statement in statements do
             (if (symbolp statement)
                 (setf current-tag statement))

             (cond
               ((and (consp statement)
                     (eql 'come-from (car statement)))

                (setf has-comp-come-from t)
                (setf (gethash (cadr statement) come-froms) current-tag))
               (t (push statement clauses))))


        (if (not has-comp-come-from)
            `(tagbody ,@(reverse clauses))
            (let ((res '())
                  (current-tag start-tag))
              (loop for clause in (reverse clauses) do
                   (cond
                     ((symbolp clause)
                      (push clause res)
                      (setf current-tag clause)
                      ;; check all vars for jumps
                      (push
                       `(progn ,@(loop for k being the hash-key of come-froms
                                    for v being the hash-value of come-froms collect
                                      `(when (eql ,k ,current-tag)
                                         (go ,v))))
                       res))
                     (t (push clause res))))
              `(macrolet ((come-from (idx)
                            (declare (ignore idx))
                            (error "Come-from cannot be used with another form.")))
                 (tagbody ,@(reverse res)))))))))

Examples of usage

(come-from x) ; whenever we're at the top of a labeled block and the value of x is equal to the label, jump back to this point.

For each come-from declaration in the tagbody, it will check at each label if the come-from variable is equal to the current label, and if so, jump to the corresponding come-from declaration.

Greeter

(let ((x :repeat)
      (y :exit))
   (computed-come-from-tagbody
      :loop              ;; when x == :loop jump to :loop.  when y == :loop jump to :exit
      (come-from x)
      (format t "What is your name? ")
      (let ((name (read-line)))
         (terpri)
         (format t "Hello ~a~%" name)
         (print (string= name "exit"))
         (when (string= name "exit")
             (setf x nil
                   y :repeat)))
       :repeat           ;; when x = :repeat jump to loop, when y = :repeat jump to exit
       :exit             ;; when x = :exit jump to loop, when y = :exit jump to exit
       (come-from y)))

FizzBuzz

(let ((i 0)
      (x nil)
      (y nil))
   (computed-come-from-tagbody
       :loop
       (come-from x)
       (cond
         ((> i 100)  (setf x nil
                           y :end-iteration)) 
         (t (or (and (zerop (mod i 3)) (zerop (mod i 5)) (print "FizzBuzz"))
                (and (zerop (mod i 3)) (print "Fizz"))
                (and (zerop (mod i 5)) (print "Buzz"))
                (print i))  
            (incf i)
            (setf x :end-iteration)))
       :end-iteration
       :end
       (come-from y)
       (print "done")))

Properties in C

Tomasz Wegrzanowski implemented properties in plain C, by intentionally segfaulting the program when the property is accessed.

An object with a "property" is set up by creating a struct that crosses multiple pages, ensuring that the property's memory address lies in a different page from the real data members. The property's page is marked as no-access, guaranteeing that attempting to access the property will cause a segfault. A fault handler then figures out which property access caused the segfault, and calls the appropriate function to compute the property's value, which gets stored at the property's memory address.

The fault handler also marks the data page as read-only to ensure the computed value remains consistent; when you next try to write to a data member, that triggers a segfault, whose handler sets the data page as read-write and the property page as no-access (indicating that it needs to be recomputed).

#define in Java

I thought it would be fun to implement macros in Java.

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.BufferedWriter;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

/**
 * defines the use of #define. Usage:
 *
 * #def toReplaceCanHaveNoSpaces replacement can have extra spaces
 *
 * must be at the beginning of the line (excluding starting spaces or tabs)
 * 
 * @author Quincunx
 */
public class Define {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        if (args.length != 1) {
            err("Please provide exactly 1 argument");
        }
        File source = new File(args[0]);
        if (!source.exists()) {
            err("Supplied filepath does not point to an existing file");
        }
        if (!getExtension(args[0]).equalsIgnoreCase(".java")) {
            err("Supplied file is not of type .java");
        }
        ArrayList<String> sourceData = new ArrayList<>();
        ArrayList<String[]> replacements = new ArrayList<>();
        try {
            BufferedReader read = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(source));
            String data;
            while ((data = read.readLine()) != null) {
                sourceData.add(data);
            }
            read.close();
        } catch (IOException ex) {
            Logger.getLogger(Define.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
        }
        for (int index = 0; index < sourceData.size(); index++) {
            String line = sourceData.get(index);
            line = line.replaceAll("\t", "    ");
            for (String[] e : replacements) {
                line = line.replace(e[0], e[1]);
            }

            if (line.trim().charAt(0) != '#') {
                sourceData.set(index, line);
                continue;
            }
            while (line.charAt(0) != '#') {
                line = line.substring(1);
            }
            int indexOf = line.indexOf(" ");
            String type = line.substring(1, indexOf);

            switch (type) {
                case "def":
                case "define":
                    String toReplace = line.substring(indexOf + 1, line.indexOf(" ", indexOf + 1));
                    replacements.add(new String[]{toReplace, line.substring(line.indexOf(":") + 1)});
                    break;
                default:
                    err("The source code contains a # in which there is no correct type");
            }
        }

        try {
            BufferedWriter write = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(source));
            for (String s : sourceData) {
                write.write(s);
                write.newLine();
            }
            write.close();
        } catch (IOException ex) {
            Logger.getLogger(Define.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
        }
    }

    public static void err(String message) {
        System.err.println(message);
        System.exit(1);
    }

    public static String getExtension(String filePath) {
        return filePath.substring(filePath.lastIndexOf("."));
    }

}

Sample usage (converts to previously posted code; let's make it weird):

#def @ o
#def ~ a
#def $ i
#def ` e
#d`f % m
#d`f ! {
#&`f & d
#&`f _ }
#&`f 2 (
#&`f 7 )
#&`f $%p@rt$@. $%p@rt j~v~.$@.
#&`f $%p@rtu. $%p@rt j~v~.ut$l.
#&`f ps publ$c st~t$c
#&`f Str Str$ng

$%p@[email protected]`r`&R`~&`r;
$%p@[email protected]`r`&Wr$t`r;
$%p@[email protected]$l`;
$%p@[email protected]$l`R`~&`r;
$%p@[email protected]$l`Wr$t`r;
$%p@[email protected]`pt$@n;
$%[email protected]~yL$st;
$%[email protected]@gg$ng.L`v`l;
$%[email protected]@gg$ng.L@gg`r;

#d`f L$st Arr~yL$st
#d`f l@g; L@gg`r.g`tL@gg`r2D`f$n`.cl~ss.g`tN~m`277.l@g2L`v`l.SEVERE, null, `x7;    

publ$c cl~ss D`f$n` !

    ps v@$d %ain2Str[] ~rgs7!
        $f 2~rgs.l`ngth != 17 !
            `rr2"Pl`~s` pr@v$&` `x~ctly 1 ~rgu%`nt"7;
        _
        F$l` squrc` = n`w F$l`2~rgs[0]7;
        $f 2!sourc`.`x$sts277 !
            `rr2"Suppli`& f$l`p~th &@`s n@t p@int t@ ~n `x$st$ng f$l`"7;
        _
        $f 2!g`tExt`ns$@n2~rgs[0]7.`qu~lsIgn@r`C~s`2".j~v~"77 !
            `rr2"Suppl$`& f$l` $s n@t @f typ` .j~v~"7;
        _
        L$st<Str> s@urceDat~ = n`w List<>27;
        L$st<Str[]> repl~cem`nts = n`w L$st<>27;
        try !
            Buff`r`&R`a&`r r`a& = new Buff`redRe~&`r2n`w F$l`R`~&`r2s@urc`77;
            Str &~t~;
            wh$l` 22&~t~ = r`~&.r`~&L$n`277 != null7 !
                s@urc`D~t~.~&&2&ata7;
            _
            re~&.cl@se27;
        _ c~tch 2IOExc`ption ex7 !
            log;
        _
        f@r 2$nt $n&`x = 0; $ndex < s@urc`D~t~.s$z`27; $nd`x++7 !
            Str l$n` = s@urc`D~ta.get2index7;
            line = line.r`pl~c`All2"\t", "    "7;
            for 2Str[] ` : r`pl~c`%`nts7 {
                line = line.r`pl~c`2`[0], e[1]7;
            _

            if 2l$ne.tr$%27.ch~rAt207 != '#'7 !
                sourc`D~t~.s`t2$n&`x, l$n`7;
                c@nt$nu`;
            _
            wh$l` 2line.ch~rAt207 != '#'7 !
                l$ne = l$ne.substr$ng217;
            _
            $nt in&`xOf = line.$n&`xOf2" "7;
            Str typ` = line.substring21, indexOf7;

            sw$tch 2type7 !
                c~s` "&`f":
                c~s` "def$n`":
                    str t@R`pl~c` = line.substring2indexOf + 1, line.indexOf2" ", indexOf + 177;
                    r`pl~c`%`nts.~&&2n`w s\Str[]!t@R`place, line.substring2line.indexOf2":"7 + 17_7;
                    br`~k;
                def~ult:
                    err2"Th` s@urc` c@&` c@nt~$ns ~ # $n wh$ch th`r` i$s n@ c@rr`ct typ`"7;
            _
        _

        try !
            Buff`r`&Wr$ter wr$te = new BufferedWriter2new F$l1Wr$t1r2s@urc177;
            for 2Str s : s@urceData7 !
                wr$te.write2s7;
                wr$te.n`wLin`27;
            _
            wr$t`.cl@s`27;
        _ c~tch 2IOExc`pt$@n `x7 !
            l@g;
        _
    _

    ps v@$& `rr2Str m`ss~g`7 !
        Syst`%.`rr.pr$ntln2message7;
        Syst`%.`x$t217;
    _

    ps Str g`tExt`nsi@n2Str fileP~th7 !
        r`turn f$lePath.substr$ng2f$l`P~th.l~stInd`xOf2"."77;
    _

_

Coroutine

I can't take credit for this, so i've marked it CW.

Coroutines in C by Simon Tatham

"Auto-strings" in Ruby

The code is quite simple:

def self.method_missing *a; a.join ' '; end

Now you can do

print This is an automatic string #=> This is an automatic string
print hooray #=> hooray

x = code golf
print This is + ' ' + x + '!' #=> This is code golf!

Tcl

Tcl has no do ... while or do ... until so...

proc do {body op expr} {
    uplevel 1 $body
    switch -exact -- $op {
        while {
            while {[uplevel 1 [list expr $expr]} {
                uplevel 1 $body
            }
        }
        until {
            while {![uplevel 1 [list expr $expr]} {
                 uplevel 1 $body
            }
        }
    }
}

Example:

do {
    puts -nonewline "Are you sure? "
    flush stdout
    set result [gets stdin]
} while {[string is boolean -strict $result]}

uplevel executes a script in the callers scope.

Custom operators in Lua

Pogs cleverly abused operator overloading in Lua in order to allow custom infix operators to be defined. I've expanded this to support operator sectioning (partially applying an operator with either operand) and calling the resulting object as if it were a function.

---- implementation
function infix(f)
  local function g(self, x)
    return f(self[1] or x, self[2] or x)
  end

  local mt   = { __sub = g, __call = g }
  local self = {}
  return setmetatable(self,
           { __sub = function (lhs,rhs)
                       return rhs == self and setmetatable({ lhs, nil }, mt)
                                           or setmetatable({ nil, rhs }, mt)
                     end })
end

---- testing
local eq   = infix(function (a, b) return a == b end)
local ge   = infix(function (a, b) return a >= b end)

local comp = infix(function (a, b) return a < b and -1
                                       or a > b and  1
                                       or            0 end)

function filter(pred, xs)
  local res = {}
  for i=1,#xs do
    if pred(xs[i]) then table.insert(res, xs[i]) end
  end
  return res
end

print(1  -eq-  1)                                      --> true
print(1 -comp- 0)                                      --> 1
print((4 -ge)(1))                                      --> true
print(table.unpack(filter(ge- 0, {1,-4,3,2,-8,0})))    --> 1   3   2   0

Goto in PostScript

My first thought was that I'd have to muck about with the exec stack, so this false start digs up the continuation operator for stopped from ghostscript (or xpost).

/_stopped_mark
{countexecstack array execstack dup length 2 sub get}
stopped pop def 

But, it's simpler than that. Because file-position is the same for all duplicates of the file handle (setfileposition consumes its argument, so this is the only useful semantics for that function).

/LABELS 10 dict def 

/: { % n :  define label
    LABELS exch currentfile fileposition put 
} def 

/goto { % goto label
    currentfile exch LABELS exch get setfileposition
} def 

/x 0 def 

/here :
    /x x 1 add def 

    x 5 ne {
        /here goto
    } if

x =

It prints 5.

There are some limitations with the above. The jump is not immediate, but happens when the if-body returns to the top-level and the interpreter is again reading from the file (instead of reading from the array that contains the if-body). At that point, the file has been repositioned and the 'goto' takes effect.

//import javascript without especifically using the script tag in a HTML page

function i(u) {
  document.write("script src=\" + u + \"></script>");
}

i("http://www.mysite.com/myscript.js");

It's lame yeah I know. Length: 99