Hadoop Tutorial: Overview of Hadoop

1. © 2012 coreservlets.com and Dima May Customized Java EE Training: http://courses.coreservlets.com/ Hadoop, Java, JSF 2, PrimeFaces, Servlets, JSP, Ajax, jQuery, Spring, Hibernate, RESTful Web Services, Android. Developed and taught by well-known author and developer. At public venues or onsite at your location. Hadoop Introduction Originals of slides and source code for examples: http://www.coreservlets.com/hadoop-tutorial/ Also see the customized Hadoop training courses (onsite or at public venues) – http://courses.coreservlets.com/hadoop-training.html

2. © 2012 coreservlets.com and Dima May Customized Java EE Training: http://courses.coreservlets.com/ Hadoop, Java, JSF 2, PrimeFaces, Servlets, JSP, Ajax, jQuery, Spring, Hibernate, RESTful Web Services, Android. Developed and taught by well-known author and developer. At public venues or onsite at your location. For live customized Hadoop training (including prep for the Cloudera certification exam), please email [email protected] Taught by recognized Hadoop expert who spoke on Hadoop several times at JavaOne, and who uses Hadoop daily in real-world apps. Available at public venues, or customized versions can be held on-site at your organization. • Courses developed and taught by Marty Hall – JSF 2.2, PrimeFaces, servlets/JSP, Ajax, jQuery, Android development, Java 7 or 8 programming, custom mix of topics – Courses available in any state or country. Maryland/DC area companies can also choose afternoon/evening courses. • Courses developed and taught by coreservlets.com experts (edited by Marty) – Spring, Hibernate/JPA, GWT, Hadoop, HTML5, RESTful Web Services Contact [email protected] for details

3. Agenda • Big Data • Hadoop Introduction • History • Comparison to Relational Databases • Hadoop Eco-System and Distributions • Resources 4

4. Big Data • Information Data Corporation (IDC) estimates data created in 2010 to be • Companies continue to generate large amounts of data, here are some 2011 stats: – Facebook ~ 6 billion messages per day – EBay ~ 2 billion page views a day, ~ 9 Petabytes of storage – Satellite Images by Skybox Imaging ~ 1 Terabyte per day 5 Sources: "Digital Universe" study by IDC; http://www.emc.com/leadership/programs/digital-universe.htm Hadoop World 2011 Keynote: Hugh E. Williams, eBay Hadoop World 2011: Building Realtime Big Data Services at Facebook with Hadoop and HBase Hadoop World 2011: Indexing the Earth – Large Scale Satellite Image Processing Using Hadoop 1.2 ZETTABYTES (1.2 Trillion Gigabytes)

5. Hadoop • Existing tools were not designed to handle such large amounts of data • "The Apache™ Hadoop™ project develops open-source software for reliable, scalable, distributed computing." - http://hadoop.apache.org – Process Big Data on clusters of commodity hardware – Vibrant open-source community – Many products and tools reside on top of Hadoop 6

6. Hadoop Jobs 7 Source: http://www.indeed.com/jobanalytics/jobtrends?q=cloud+computing%2C+hadoop%2C+jpa%2C+ejb3&l=

7. 8 Who Uses Hadoop? Source: http://wiki.apache.org/hadoop/PoweredBy

8. Data Storage • Storage capacity has grown exponentially but read speed has not kept up – 1990: • Store 1,400 MB • Transfer speed of 4.5MB/s • Read the entire drive in ~ 5 minutes – 2010: • Store 1 TB • Transfer speed of 100MB/s • Read the entire drive in ~ 3 hours • Hadoop - 100 drives working at the same time can read 1TB of data in 2 minutes 9

9. Hadoop Cluster 10 Hadoop Cluster client client client

10. Hadoop Cluster • A set of "cheap" commodity hardware • Networked together • Resides in the same location – Set of servers in a set of racks in a data center 11

11. Use Commodity Hardware • “Cheap” Commodity Server Hardware – No need for super-computers, use commodity unreliable hardware – Not desktops 12 BUTNOT

12. Hadoop System Principles • Scale-Out rather than Scale-Up • Bring code to data rather than data to code • Deal with failures – they are common • Abstract complexity of distributed and concurrent applications 13

13. Scale-Out Instead of Scale-Up • It is harder and more expensive to scale-up – Add additional resources to an existing node (CPU, RAM) – Moore’s Law can’t keep up with data growth – New units must be purchased if required resources can not be added – Also known as scale vertically • Scale-Out – Add more nodes/machines to an existing distributed application – Software Layer is designed for node additions or removal – Hadoop takes this approach - A set of nodes are bonded together as a single distributed system – Very easy to scale down as well 14

14. Code to Data • Traditional data processing architecture – nodes are broken up into separate processing and storage nodes connected by high-capacity link – Many data-intensive applications are not CPU demanding causing bottlenecks in network Storage Node Processing Node Processing Node Storage Node Load Data Save Results Risk of bottleneck Load Data Save Results

15. Code to Data • Hadoop co-locates processors and storage – Code is moved to data (size is tiny, usually in KBs) – Processors execute code and access underlying local storage 16 Processor Storage Hadoop Node Processor Storage Hadoop Node Processor Storage Hadoop Node Processor Storage Hadoop Node HadoopCluster

16. Failures are Common • Given a large number machines, failures are common – Large warehouses may see machine failures weekly or even daily • Hadoop is designed to cope with node failures – Data is replicated – Tasks are retried 17

17. Abstract Complexity 18 • Hadoop abstracts many complexities in distributed and concurrent applications – Defines small number of components – Provides simple and well defined interfaces of interactions between these components • Frees developer from worrying about system- level challenges – race conditions, data starvation – processing pipelines, data partitioning, code distribution – etc. • Allows developers to focus on application development and business logic

18. History of Hadoop 19 • Started as a sub-project of Apache Nutch – Nutch’s job is to index the web and expose it for searching – Open Source alternative to Google – Started by Doug Cutting • In 2004 Google publishes Google File System (GFS) and MapReduce framework papers • Doug Cutting and Nutch team implemented Google’s frameworks in Nutch • In 2006 Yahoo! hires Doug Cutting to work on Hadoop with a dedicated team • In 2008 Hadoop became Apache Top Level Project – http://hadoop.apache.org

19. Naming Conventions? • Doug Cutting drew inspiration from his family – Lucene: Doug’s wife’s middle name – Nutch: A word for "meal" that his son used as a toddler – Hadoop: Yellow stuffed elephant named by his son 20

20. Comparisons to RDBMS • Until recently many applications utilized Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) for batch processing – Oracle, Sybase, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, etc. – Hadoop doesn’t fully replace relational products; many architectures would benefit from both Hadoop and a Relational product(s) • Scale-Out vs. Scale-Up – RDBMS products scale up • Expensive to scale for larger installations • Hits a ceiling when storage reaches 100s of terabytes – Hadoop clusters can scale-out to 100s of machines and to petabytes of storage 21

21. Comparisons to RDBMS (Continued) • Structured Relational vs. Semi-Structured vs. Unstructured – RDBMS works well for structured data - tables that conform to a predefined schema – Hadoop works best on Semi-structured and Unstructured data • Semi-structured may have a schema that is loosely followed • Unstructured data has no structure whatsoever and is usually just blocks of text (or for example images) • At processing time types for key and values are chosen by the implementer – Certain types of input data will not easily fit into Relational Schema such as images, JSON, XML, etc... 22

22. Comparison to RDBMS • Offline batch vs. online transactions – Hadoop was not designed for real-time or low latency queries – Products that do provide low latency queries such as HBase have limited query functionality – Hadoop performs best for offline batch processing on large amounts of data – RDBMS is best for online transactions and low-latency queries – Hadoop is designed to stream large files and large amounts of data – RDBMS works best with small records 23

23. Comparison to RDBMS • Hadoop and RDBMS frequently complement each other within an architecture • For example, a website that – has a small number of users – produces a large amount of audit logs 24 Web Server RDBMS Hadoop1 2 4 3 1 2 3 Utilize RDBMS to provide rich User Interface and enforce data integrity RDBMS generates large amounts of audit logs; the logs are moved periodically to the Hadoop cluster All logs are kept in Hadoop; Various analytics are executed periodically 4 Results copied to RDBMS to be used by Web Server; for example "suggestions" based on audit history

24. Hadoop Eco System 25 • At first Hadoop was mainly known for two core products: – HDFS: Hadoop Distributed FileSystem – MapReduce: Distributed data processing framework • Today, in addition to HDFS and MapReduce, the term also represents a multitude of products: – HBase: Hadoop column database; supports batch and random reads and limited queries – Zookeeper: Highly-Available Coordination Service – Oozie: Hadoop workflow scheduler and manager – Pig: Data processing language and execution environment – Hive: Data warehouse with SQL interface

25. Hadoop Eco System • To start building an application, you need a file system – In Hadoop world that would be Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) – In Linux it could be ext3 or ext4 • Addition of a data store would provide a nicer interface to store and manage your data – HBase: A key-value store implemented on top of HDFS – Traditionally one could use RDBMS on top of a local file system 26 Hadoop Distributed FileSystem (HDFS) HBase

26. Hadoop Eco System • For batch processing, you will need to utilize a framework – In Hadoop’s world that would be MapReduce – MapReduce will ease implementation of distributed applications that will run on a cluster of commodity hardware 27 Hadoop Distributed FileSystem (HDFS) HBase MapReduce

27. Hadoop Eco System • Many problems lend themselves to a MapReduce solution with multiple jobs – Apache Oozie is a popular MapReduce workflow and coordination product 28 Hadoop Distributed FileSystem (HDFS) HBase MapReduce Oozie

28. Hadoop Eco System • MapReduce paradigm may not work well for analysts and data scientists – Addition of Apache Pig, a high-level data flow scripting language, may be beneficial 2929 Hadoop Distributed FileSystem (HDFS) HBase MapReduce Oozie Pig

29. Hadoop Eco System • Your organization may have a good number of SQL experts – Addition of Apache Hive, a data warehouse solution that provides a SQL based interface, may bridge the gap 30 Hadoop Distributed FileSystem (HDFS) HBase MapReduce Oozie Pig Hive

30. Hadoop Distributions 31 • Let’s say you go download Hadoop’s HDFS and MapReduce from http://hadoop.apache.org/ • At first it works great but then you decide to start using HBase – No problem, just download HBase from http://hadoop.apache.org/ and point it to your existing HDFS installation – But you find that HBase can only work with a previous version of HDFS, so you go downgrade HDFS and everything still works great • Later on you decide to add Pig – Unfortunately the version of Pig doesn’t work with the version of HDFS, it wants you to upgrade – But if you upgrade you’ll break HBase...

31. Hadoop Distributions • Hadoop Distributions aim to resolve version incompatibilities • Distribution Vendor will – Integration Test a set of Hadoop products – Package Hadoop products in various installation formats • Linux Packages, tarballs, etc. – Distributions may provide additional scripts to execute Hadoop – Some vendors may choose to backport features and bug fixes made by Apache – Typically vendors will employ Hadoop committers so the bugs they find will make it into Apache’s repository 32

32. Distribution Vendors 33 • Cloudera Distribution for Hadoop (CDH) • MapR Distribution • Hortonworks Data Platform (HDP) • Apache BigTop Distribution • Greenplum HD Data Computing Appliance

33. Cloudera Distribution for Hadoop (CDH) • Cloudera has taken the lead on providing Hadoop Distribution – Cloudera is affecting the Hadoop eco-system in the same way RedHat popularized Linux in the enterprise circles • Most popular distribution – http://www.cloudera.com/hadoop – 100% open-source • Cloudera employs a large percentage of core Hadoop committers • CDH is provided in various formats – Linux Packages, Virtual Machine Images, and Tarballs 34

34. Cloudera Distribution for Hadoop (CDH) • Integrates majority of popular Hadoop products – HDFS, MapReduce, HBase, Hive, Mahout, Oozie, Pig, Sqoop, Whirr, Zookeeper, Flume • CDH4 is used in this class 35

35. Supported Operating Systems • Each Distribution will support its own list of Operating Systems (OS) • Common OS supported – Red Hat Enterprise – CentOS – Oracle Linux – Ubuntu – SUSE Linux Enterprise Server • Please see vendors documentation for supported OS and version – Supported Operating Systems for CDH4: https://ccp.cloudera.com/display/CDH4DOC/Before+You+Install+CDH4+on+a+Cl uster#BeforeYouInstallCDH4onaCluster-SupportedOperatingSystemsforCDH4 36

36. Resources • Apache Hadoop Documentation – http://hadoop.apache.org • Each project will have their own documentation artifacts and usually a wiki • Each Hadoop Distribution Vendor provides documentation as well: – For example: https://ccp.cloudera.com/display/DOC/Documentation 37

37. Resources: Books 38 Hadoop: The Definitive Guide Tom White (Author) O'Reilly Media; 3rd Edition (May6, 2012) Hadoop in Action Chuck Lam (Author) Manning Publications; 1st Edition (December, 2010) MapReduce Design Patterns Donald Miner (Author), Adam Shook (Author) O'Reilly Media (November 22, 2012)

38. Resources: Books 39 HBase: The Definitive Guide Lars George (Author) O'Reilly Media; 1 edition (September 20, 2011) Programming Pig Alan Gates (Author) O'Reilly Media; 1st Edition (October, 2011) Hadoop Operations Eric Sammer (Author) O'Reilly Media (October 22, 2012)

39. Resources: Books 40 Data-Intensive Text Processing with MapReduce Jimmy Lin and Chris Dyer (Authors) (April, 2010) Download for FREE: http://lintool.github.com/MapReduceAlgorithms/index.html Programming Hive Edward Capriolo, Dean Wampler, Jason Rutherglen (Authors) O'Reilly Media; 1 edition (October, 2012) Hadoop in Practice Alex Holmes (Author) Manning Publications; (October 10, 2012)

40. Resources: Your Instructor • Dima May – [email protected] – Email me any time! 41

41. © 2012 coreservlets.com and Dima May Customized Java EE Training: http://courses.coreservlets.com/ Hadoop, Java, JSF 2, PrimeFaces, Servlets, JSP, Ajax, jQuery, Spring, Hibernate, RESTful Web Services, Android. Developed and taught by well-known author and developer. At public venues or onsite at your location. Wrap-Up

42. Summary • We learned about – Data storage needs are rapidly increasing – Hadoop has become the de-facto standard for handling these massive data sets – The Cloudera Distribution for Hadoop (CDH) is the most commonly used Hadoop release distribution – There is a number of Hadoop related publications available 43

43. © 2012 coreservlets.com and Dima May Customized Java EE Training: http://courses.coreservlets.com/ Hadoop, Java, JSF 2, PrimeFaces, Servlets, JSP, Ajax, jQuery, Spring, Hibernate, RESTful Web Services, Android. Developed and taught by well-known author and developer. At public venues or onsite at your location. Questions? More info: http://www.coreservlets.com/hadoop-tutorial/ – Hadoop programming tutorial http://courses.coreservlets.com/hadoop-training.html – Customized Hadoop training courses, at public venues or onsite at your organization http://courses.coreservlets.com/Course-Materials/java.html – General Java programming tutorial http://www.coreservlets.com/java-8-tutorial/ – Java 8 tutorial http://www.coreservlets.com/JSF-Tutorial/jsf2/ – JSF 2.2 tutorial http://www.coreservlets.com/JSF-Tutorial/primefaces/ – PrimeFaces tutorial http://coreservlets.com/ – JSF 2, PrimeFaces, Java 7 or 8, Ajax, jQuery, Hadoop, RESTful Web Services, Android, HTML5, Spring, Hibernate, Servlets, JSP, GWT, and other Java EE training

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