ArcCatalog will turn your database into a geodatabase.
ArcGIS Javascript API has the esri/layers/FeatureLayer for filtering features.
If by analysis you mean analytical tools on the resulting feature data then there are no pivot charts/grids out-of-the box. If you mean filtering features based on domain values then it's very easy to do yourself. Have a look at the "fields" property on the FeatureLayer.
For samples you might want to start with the FeatureLayer and Query samples:
https://developers.arcgis.com/javascript/jssamples/#search/FeatureLayer
https://developers.arcgis.com/javascript/jssamples/#search/Query
One feature that comes to mind is "count":
https://developers.arcgis.com/javascript/jsapi/featurelayer-amd.html#querycount
Also, be aware that you can "require" a FeatureServer service:
require(["http://sampleserver6.arcgisonline.com/arcgis/rest/services/Military/FeatureServer?f=json&callback=define"],
function (serviceDescription) {...});
To facilitate importing/discovering layers.