Interactive Python
In this part of the Python programming tutorial, we will talk about interactive Python interpreter.
Python code can be launched in two basic ways. As a script or inside an interactive interpreter.
#!/usr/bin/python # first.py print "The Python tutorial"
This is an example of a small Python script. It is launched from a UNIX shell.
$ ./first.py The Python tutorial
Interactive interpreter
Another way of running Python code is the interactive Python interpreter. The Python interpreter is very useful for our explorations. When we quickly want to test some basic functionality of the Python language and we don't want to write a whole script. To get the interactive interpreter, we execute the Python command on our favourite shell.
$ python Python 2.7.2+ (default, Jul 20 2012, 22:12:53) [GCC 4.6.1] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>>
This is the welcome message of the Python interpreter. We see the version of Python
on our machine. In our case it is Python 2.7.2. The ">>>" is the prompt used in the
Python interactive mode. To leave the interpreter and
return back to the shell, we can type Ctrl + D or quit().
Typing Ctrl + L will clear the screen of the Python interpreter.
Now we can query for some useful information.
>>> credits
Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands
for supporting Python development. See www.python.org for more information.
If we type credits we get some information about organizations
involved in Python development.
>>> copyright Copyright (c) 2001-2011 Python Software Foundation. All Rights Reserved. Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com. All Rights Reserved. Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives. All Rights Reserved. Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam. All Rights Reserved.
The copyright command gives the copyright of the
Python programming language.
The license() command provides several pages regarding
the license of Python.
Getting help
The help command provides some help about Python.
>>> help Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object. >>>
We can use the command in two ways. Either we can get some help about a specific object or we enter a interactive help mode.
For example, if we type help(True), we get some information about bool objects.
Help on bool object: class bool(int) | bool(x) -> bool | | Returns True when the argument x is true, False otherwise. | The builtins True and False are the only two instances of the class bool. | The class bool is a subclass of the class int, and cannot be subclassed. | | Method resolution order: | bool | int | object | | Methods defined here: | | __and__(...) | x.__and__(y) <==> x&y ...
If the topic is larger than one page, we can scroll it using the arrows. If we want to quit the topic, we press the q key.
If we type help() we get the interactive help mode of the interpreter.
>>> help() Welcome to Python 2.7! This is the online help utility. If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out the tutorial on the Internet at http://docs.python.org/tutorial/. Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing Python programs and using Python modules. To quit this help utility and return to the interpreter, just type "quit". To get a list of available modules, keywords, or topics, type "modules", "keywords", or "topics". Each module also comes with a one-line summary of what it does; to list the modules whose summaries contain a given word such as "spam", type "modules spam". help>
To leave the help mode and return to the interpreter, we use
the quit command.
The keywords command gives a list of available keywords in
Python programming language.
help> keywords Here is a list of the Python keywords. Enter any keyword to get more help. and elif if print as else import raise assert except in return break exec is try class finally lambda while continue for not with def from or yield del global pass
If we type any of the keywords, we get some help on it.
The modules command gives a list of available modules.
Again, typing a name of the module will provide additional help.
Finally, we have the topics command.
help> topics Here is a list of available topics. Enter any topic name to get more help. ASSERTION DEBUGGING LITERALS SEQUENCEMETHODS2 ASSIGNMENT DELETION LOOPING SEQUENCES ATTRIBUTEMETHODS DICTIONARIES MAPPINGMETHODS SHIFTING ATTRIBUTES DICTIONARYLITERALS MAPPINGS SLICINGS AUGMENTEDASSIGNMENT DYNAMICFEATURES METHODS SPECIALATTRIBUTES BACKQUOTES ELLIPSIS MODULES SPECIALIDENTIFIERS BASICMETHODS EXCEPTIONS NAMESPACES SPECIALMETHODS BINARY EXECUTION NONE STRINGMETHODS BITWISE EXPRESSIONS NUMBERMETHODS STRINGS BOOLEAN FILES NUMBERS SUBSCRIPTS CALLABLEMETHODS FLOAT OBJECTS TRACEBACKS CALLS FORMATTING OPERATORS TRUTHVALUE CLASSES FRAMEOBJECTS PACKAGES TUPLELITERALS CODEOBJECTS FRAMES POWER TUPLES COERCIONS FUNCTIONS PRECEDENCE TYPEOBJECTS COMPARISON IDENTIFIERS PRINTING TYPES COMPLEX IMPORTING PRIVATENAMES UNARY CONDITIONAL INTEGER RETURNING UNICODE CONTEXTMANAGERS LISTLITERALS SCOPING CONVERSIONS LISTS SEQUENCEMETHODS1
The topics command gives a list of topics regarding Python programming language. Here we can find some useful information.
Python Code
Now we will see the real benefit of the Python interpreter.
>>> 2 + 4 6 >>> 5 * 56 280 >>> 5 - 45 -40 >>>
Python interpreter can be used as a calculator. Each expression is executed right away and the result is shown on the screen.
>>> a = 3 >>> b = 4 >>> a**b 81 >>> a == b False >>> a < b True >>>
We can define variables and perform operations on them.
>>> import random >>> dir(random) ['BPF', 'LOG4', 'NV_MAGICCONST', 'RECIP_BPF', 'Random', 'SG_MAGICCONST', 'SystemRandom', 'TWOPI', 'WichmannHill', '_BuiltinMethodType', '_MethodType', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', '_acos', '_ceil', '_cos', '_e', '_exp', '_hexlify', '_inst', '_log', '_pi', '_random', '_sin', '_sqrt', '_test', '_test_generator', '_urandom', '_warn', 'betavariate', 'choice', 'expovariate', 'gammavariate', 'gauss', 'getrandbits', 'getstate', 'jumpahead', 'lognormvariate', 'normalvariate', 'paretovariate', 'randint', 'random', 'randrange', 'sample', 'seed', 'setstate', 'shuffle', 'uniform', 'vonmisesvariate', 'weibullvariate'] >>>
Here we imported a random module. With the dir() function, we further explore the
random module.
With the help of the special __doc__ string, we can get help on a specific function.
>>> print random.seed.__doc__
Initialize internal state from hashable object.
None or no argument seeds from current time or from an operating
system specific randomness source if available.
If a is not None or an int or long, hash(a) is used instead.
>>>
The locals() command shows our current local namespace.
>>> locals()
{'__builtins__': <module '__builtin__' (built-in)>, '__name__': '__main__',
'random': <module 'random' from '/usr/lib/python2.5/random.pyc'>, '__doc__': None}
We can see the random module, that we have previously imported.
>>> class Car: ... pass ... >>> def function(): ... pass ... >>> for i in range(5): ... print i ... 0 1 2 3 4 >>>
We can define our own classes, functions or use control flow structures. We must not forget to indent the code. To finish each of these blocks of code, we type enter key twice.
>>> import os
>>> os.getcwd()
'/home/vronskij/programming/python'
>>> os.system('ls')
empty.pyc fibonacci.pyc ifyouwantme~ monica old perl.pl
ruby.rb stopiter.py tests works
Here we import the os module and interact with the operating system.
Finally, we want to exit the interpreter. We can exit the interpreter in several ways:
- Ctrl + D
- quit()
We can also exit the interpreter programatically.
>>> raise SystemExit $
or
>>> import sys >>> sys.exit() $
The interpreter is exited.
The Zen of Python
The Zen of Python is a set of rules how to write good Python code. It reflects somehow the philosophy of the language.
>>> import this The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters Beautiful is better than ugly. Explicit is better than implicit. Simple is better than complex. Complex is better than complicated. Flat is better than nested. Sparse is better than dense. Readability counts. Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules. Although practicality beats purity. Errors should never pass silently. Unless explicitly silenced. In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess. There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it. Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch. Now is better than never. Although never is often better than *right* now. If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea. If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea. Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
The rules can be read by launching import this.
In this chapter we have looked at Python interactive interpreter.