Circular Buffer on a typed Float32Array

I haven't examined the actual functionality, but this is based on my comment about moving this.toString to a prototype method (which is, I feel, the main improvement) and then I've done a few micro optimisations (but nothing that is going to make any real noticeable difference). Other than that I performed a bit of personal styling, there was nothing particularly wrong with what you had.

Javascript

/*jslint maxerr: 50, indent: 4, browser: true, nomen: true */
/*global Float32Array */

(function () {
    "use strict";

    /* Circular buffer used to add values in blocks of constant size */

    function IndexOutOfBounds(maxIndex, requestedIndex, method) {
        this.maxIndex = maxIndex;
        this.requestedIndex = requestedIndex;
        this.method = method;
    }

    IndexOutOfBounds.prototype.toString = function () {
        return "Invalid index in method ['" + this.method + "']\nRequested index    : " + this.requestedIndex + "\nValid _buffer index : [0.." + this.maxIndex + "]";
    };

    function ImproperBlockLength(ringBlockLength, givenBlockLength) {
        this.ringBlockLength = ringBlockLength;
        this.givenBlockLength = givenBlockLength;
    }

    ImproperBlockLength.prototype.toString = function () {
        return "Block length mismatch.\nRequeste block length : " + this.givenBlockLength + "\nValid block length    : " + this.ringBlockLength;
    };

    function Ring(length, blockLength) {
        this.length = length;
        this._maxIndex = length - 1;
        this._start = 0;
        this._buffer = new Float32Array(length);

        /* blockLength should always be a factor of size.
         * An exception is thrown if it's not;
         */
        this._blockLength = 0;
        if (blockLength) {
            if (length % blockLength !== 0) {
                throw "Block length must be a factor of length.";
            }

            this._blockLength = blockLength;
        }
    }

    Ring.prototype.checkBounds = function (requested, callerName) {
        var maxIndex = this._maxIndex;

        if (requested < 0 || requested > maxIndex) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBounds(maxIndex, requested, callerName);
        }
    };

    Ring.prototype.relativeIndex = function (index) {
        return (this._start + index) % this.length;
    };

    /* Should not be used when there is a set _blockLength */
    Ring.prototype.push = function (element) {
        var start = this._start,
            newStart = start + 1;

        this._buffer[start] = element;
        this._start = 0;
        if (newStart <= this._maxIndex) {
            this._start = newStart;
        }
    };

    Ring.prototype.get = function (index) {
        this.checkBounds(index, 'get');

        return this._buffer[this.relativeIndex(index)];
    };

    Ring.prototype.set = function (index, value) {
        this.checkBounds(index, 'set');
        this._buffer[this.relativeIndex(index)] = value;

    };

    Ring.prototype.concat = function (arr) {
        var alen = arr.length,
            blen = this._blockLength,
            start;

        if (alen !== blen) {
            throw new ImproperBlockLength(blen, alen);
        }

        start = this._start;
        this._buffer.set(arr, start);
        this._start = (start + alen) % this.length;

    };

    Ring.prototype.map = function (callback) {
        var relativeIndex,
            length = this.length,
            i = 0;

        while (i < length) {
            relativeIndex = this.relativeIndex(i);
            this._buffer[relativeIndex] = callback(this._buffer[relativeIndex], i, length);
            i += 1;
        }
    };
}());

One other thing to consider is, because you will only be using newer browsers that support Float32Array then you could also define properties using Object.defineProperty

Update: Here is a refactoring using Object.defineProperty, I did it kind of quick so there are no guarantees that I did it correctly, it is more to give you a starter, hope it helps.

Javascript

/*jslint maxerr: 50, indent: 4, browser: true, nomen: true, bitwise: true */
/*global console, Float32Array */

(function () {
    "use strict";

    var Ring = (function () {
        /* Circular buffer used to add values in blocks of constant size */

        var minIndex = 0,
            maxIndex = 4294967294;

        function clamp(number, min, max) {
            return Math.min(Math.max(number, min), max);
        }

        function IndexOutOfBounds(maxIndex, requestedIndex, method) {
            Object.defineProperties(this, {
                "maxIndex": {
                    value: maxIndex
                },

                "requestedIndex": {
                    value: requestedIndex
                },

                "method": {
                    value: method
                }
            });
        }

        Object.defineProperty(IndexOutOfBounds.prototype, "toString", {
            get: function () {
                return "Invalid index in method ['" + this.method + "']\nRequested index    : " + this.requestedIndex + "\nValid _buffer index : [0.." + this.maxIndex + "]";
            }
        });

        function ImproperBlockLength(ringBlockLength, givenBlockLength) {
            Object.defineProperties(this, {
                "ringBlockLength": {
                    value: ringBlockLength
                },

                "givenBlockLength": {
                    value: givenBlockLength
                }
            });
        }

        Object.defineProperty(ImproperBlockLength.prototype, "toString", {
            get: function () {
                return "Block length mismatch.\nRequeste block length : " + this.givenBlockLength + "\nValid block length    : " + this.ringBlockLength;
            }
        });

        function Ring(length, blockLength) {
            length = clamp(length, minIndex, maxIndex + 1) >>> 0;

            /* blockLength should always be a factor of size.
             * An exception is thrown if it's not;
             */
            blockLength = clamp(blockLength, minIndex, maxIndex + 1) >>> 0;
            if (length % blockLength !== 0) {
                throw "Block length must be a factor of length.";
            }

            var privateStart = 0,
                privateBuffer = new Float32Array(length);

            Object.defineProperties(this, {
                "length": {
                    get: function () {
                        return length;
                    },

                    set: function (newLength) {
                        length = clamp(newLength, minIndex, maxIndex + 1) >>> 0;
                    }
                },

                "_start": {
                    get: function () {
                        return privateStart;
                    },

                    set: function (start) {
                        privateStart = clamp(start, minIndex, maxIndex) >>> 0;
                    }
                },

                "_buffer": {
                    get: function () {
                        return privateBuffer;
                    },

                    set: function (buffer) {
                        privateBuffer = buffer;
                    }
                },

                "_blockLength": {
                    value: blockLength
                }
            });
        }

        Object.defineProperties(Ring.prototype, {
            "_maxIndex": {
                value: function () {
                    return clamp(this.length - 1, minIndex, maxIndex) >>> 0;
                }
            },

            "checkBounds": {
                value: function (requested, callerName) {
                    var maxIndex = this._maxIndex;

                    if (requested < 0 || requested > maxIndex) {
                        throw new IndexOutOfBounds(maxIndex, requested, callerName);
                    }

                    return maxIndex;
                }
            },

            "relativeIndex": {
                value: function (index) {
                    return (this._start + index) % this.length;
                }
            },

            /* Should not be used when there is a set _blockLength */
            "push": {
                value: function (element) {
                    var start = this._start,
                        newStart = start + 1;

                    this.buffer = element;
                    if (newStart > this._maxIndex) {
                        this._start = 0;
                    } else {
                        this._start = newStart;
                    }
                }
            },

            "get": {
                value: function (index) {
                    this.checkBounds(index, 'get');

                    return this._buffer[this.relativeIndex(index)];
                }
            },

            "set": {
                value: function (index, value) {
                    this.checkBounds(index, 'set');
                    this._buffer[this.relativeIndex(index)] = value;
                }
            },

            "concat": {
                value: function (arr) {
                    var alen = arr.length,
                        blen = this._blockLength,
                        start;

                    if (alen !== blen) {
                        throw new ImproperBlockLength(blen, alen);
                    }

                    start = this._start;
                    this._buffer.set(arr, start);
                    this._start = (start + alen) % this.length;
                }
            },

            "map": {
                value: function (callback) {
                    var relativeIndex,
                        length = this.length,
                        i = 0;

                    while (i < length) {
                        relativeIndex = this.relativeIndex(i);
                        this._buffer[relativeIndex] = callback(this._buffer[relativeIndex], i, length);
                        i += 1;
                    }
                }
            }
        });

        return Ring;
    }());

    var ring = new Ring(10, 1);

    console.log({
        0: ring,
        1: ring.length
    });
}());

On jsfiddle