Copying array by value in JavaScript

In Javascript, deep-copy techniques depends on the elements in an array.
Let's start there.

Three types of elements

Elements can be: literal values, literal structures, or prototypes.

// Literal values (type1)
var booleanLiteral = true;
var numberLiteral = 1;
var stringLiteral = 'true';

// Literal structures (type2)
var arrayLiteral = [];
var objectLiteral = {};

// Prototypes (type3)
var booleanPrototype = new Bool(true);
var numberPrototype = new Number(1);
var stringPrototype = new String('true');
var arrayPrototype = new Array();
var objectPrototype = new Object(); # or "new function () {}"

From these elements we can create three types of arrays.

// 1) Array of literal-values (boolean, number, string) 
var type1 = [true, 1, "true"];

// 2) Array of literal-structures (array, object)
var type2 = [[], {}];

// 3) Array of prototype-objects (function)
var type3 = [function () {}, function () {}];

Deep copy techniques depend on the three array types

Based on the types of elements in the array, we can use various techniques to deep copy.

• Array of literal-values (type1)
  The myArray.splice(0), myArray.slice(), and myArray.concat() techniques can be used to deep copy arrays with literal values (boolean, number, and string) only; where Slice is faster in performance than Concat (http://jsperf.com/duplicate-array-slice-vs-concat/3).

• Array of literal-values (type1) and literal-structures (type2)
  The JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(myArray)) technique can be used to deep copy literal values (boolean, number, string) and literal structures (array, object), but not prototype objects.

• All arrays (type1, type2, type3)
  The jQuery $.extend(myArray) technique can be used to deep-copy all array-types. Libraries like Underscore and Lo-dash offer similar deep-copy functions to jQuery $.extend(), yet have slower performance. More surprisingly, $.extend() has faster performance than the JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(myArray)) technique http://jsperf.com/js-deep-copy/2.

Summarized into a table:

And for those developers that shy away from third-party libraries (like jQuery), you can use the following custom function; which has faster performance than $.extend, and deep-copies all arrays.

function copy(o) {
   var output, v, key;
   output = Array.isArray(o) ? [] : {};
   for (key in o) {
       v = o[key];
       output[key] = (typeof v === "object") ? copy(v) : v;
   }
   return output;
}

Warning: In NodeJS this solution is problematic; any null elements in the deep copied array will be converted to empty object literals {}.

So to answer the question...

Question

var arr1 = ['a','b','c'];
var arr2 = arr1;

I realized that arr2 refers to the same array as arr1, rather than a new, independent array. How can I copy the array to get two independent arrays?

Answer

Because arr1 is an array of literal values (boolean, number, or string), you can use any deep copy technique discussed above, where slice has the fastest performance.

// Fastest performance for deep copying literal values
arr2 = arr1.slice();

// Any of these techniques will deep copy literal values as well,
// but with slower performance
arr2 = arr1.splice(0);
arr2 = arr1.concat();
arr2 = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(arr1));
arr2 = $.extend(true, [], arr1); // jQuery.js needed
arr2 = _.extend(arr1); // Underscore.js needed
arr2 = _.cloneDeep(arr1); // Lo-dash.js needed
arr2 = copy(arr1); // Custom-function needed - as provided above

No jQuery needed... Working Example

var arr2 = arr1.slice()

This copys the array from the starting position 0 through the end of the array.

It is important to note that it will work as expected for primitive types (string, number, etc.), and to also explain the expected behavior for reference types...

If you have an array of Reference types, say of type Object. The array will be copied, but both of the arrays will contain references to the same Object's. So in this case it would seem like the array is copied by reference even though the array is actually copied.

An alternative to slice is concat, which can be used in 2 ways. The first of these is perhaps more readable as the intended behaviour is very clear:

var array2 = [].concat(array1);

The second method is:

var array2 = array1.concat();

Cohen (in the comments) pointed out that this latter method has better performance.

The way this works is that the concat method creates a new array consisting of the elements in the object on which it is called followed by the elements of any arrays passed to it as arguments. So when no arguments are passed, it simply copies the array.

Lee Penkman, also in the comments, points out that if there's a chance array1 is undefined, you can return an empty array as follows:

var array2 = [].concat(array1 || []);

Or, for the second method:

var array2 = (array1 || []).concat();

Note that you can also do this with slice: var array2 = (array1 || []).slice();.

In the future (ES6) you can use array spreads ... to copy arrays.

const itemsCopy = [...items];

Also if want to create a new array with the existing one being part of it:

var parts = ['shoulders', 'knees'];
var lyrics = ['head', ...parts, 'and', 'toes'];

If you want to start using this now you could use typescript or babel and compile to safe javascript.

More info on spreads

This is how I've done it after trying many approaches:

var newArray = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(orgArray));

This will create a new deep copy not related to the first one (not a shallow copy).

Also this obviously will not clone events and functions, but the good thing you can do it in one line, and it can be used for any kind of object (arrays, strings, numbers, objects ...)

Some of mentioned methods work well when working with simple data types like number or string, but when the array contains other objects these methods fail. When we try to pass any object from one array to another it is passed as a reference, not the object.

Add the following code in your JavaScript file:

Object.prototype.clone = function() {
    var newObj = (this instanceof Array) ? [] : {};
    for (i in this) {
        if (i == 'clone') 
            continue;
        if (this[i] && typeof this[i] == "object") {
            newObj[i] = this[i].clone();
        } 
        else 
            newObj[i] = this[i]
    } return newObj;
};

And simply use

var arr1 = ['val_1','val_2','val_3'];
var arr2 = arr1.clone()

It will work.

From ES2015,

var arr2 = [...arr1];

Adding to the solution of array.slice(); be aware that if you have multidimensional array sub-arrays will be copied by references. What you can do is to loop and slice() each sub-array individually

var arr = [[1,1,1],[2,2,2],[3,3,3]];
var arr2 = arr.slice();

arr2[0][1] = 55;
console.log(arr2[0][1]);
console.log(arr[0][1]);

function arrCpy(arrSrc, arrDis){
 for(elm in arrSrc){
  arrDis.push(arrSrc[elm].slice());
}
}

var arr3=[];
arrCpy(arr,arr3);

arr3[1][1] = 77;

console.log(arr3[1][1]);
console.log(arr[1][1]);

same things goes to array of objects, they will be copied by reference, you have to copy them manually

I personally think Array.from is a more readable solution. By the way, just beware of its browser support.

//clone
let x = [1,2,3];
let y = Array.from(x);

//deep clone
let clone = arr => Array.from(arr,item => Array.isArray(item) ? clone(item) : item);
let x = [1,[],[[]]];
let y = clone(x);

If you are in an environment of ECMAScript 6, using the Spread Operator you could do it this way:

var arr1 = ['a','b','c'];
var arr2 = [...arr1]; //copy arr1
arr2.push('d');

console.log(arr1)
console.log(arr2)

<script src="http://www.wzvang.com/snippet/ignore_this_file.js"></script>

In my particular case I needed to ensure the array remained intact so this worked for me:

// Empty array
arr1.length = 0;
// Add items from source array to target array
for (var i = 0; i < arr2.length; i++) {
    arr1.push(arr2[i]);
}

Make copy of multidimensional array/object:

function deepCopy(obj) {
   if (Object.prototype.toString.call(obj) === '[object Array]') {
      var out = [], i = 0, len = obj.length;
      for ( ; i < len; i++ ) {
         out[i] = arguments.callee(obj[i]);
      }
      return out;
   }
   if (typeof obj === 'object') {
      var out = {}, i;
      for ( i in obj ) {
         out[i] = arguments.callee(obj[i]);
      }
      return out;
   }
   return obj;
}

Thanks to James Padolsey for this function.

Source: http://james.padolsey.com/javascript/deep-copying-of-objects-and-arrays/

If you want to make a new copy of an object or array, you must explicitly copy the properties of the object or the elements of the array, for example:

var arr1 = ['a','b','c'];
var arr2 = [];

for (var i=0; i < arr1.length; i++) {
   arr2[i] = arr1[i];
}

You can search for more information on Google about immutable primitive values and mutable object references.

Here's a variant:

var arr1=['a', 'b', 'c'];
var arr2=eval(arr1.toSource());
arr2.push('d');
console.log('arr1: '+arr1+'\narr2: '+arr2);
/*
 *  arr1: a,b,c
 *  arr2: a,b,c,d
 */

There's the newly introduced Array.from, but unfortunately, as of the time of this writing it's only supported on recent Firefox versions (32 and higher). It can be simply used as follows:

var arr1 = [1, 2, 3];
console.log(Array.from(arr1)); // Logs: [1, 2, 3]

Reference: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/from

Or Array.prototype.map may be used with an identity function:

function identity(param)
{
    return param;
}

var arr1 = [1, 2, 3],
    clone = arr1.map(identity);

Reference: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/map

Using jQuery deep copy could be made as following:

var arr2 = $.extend(true, [], arr1);