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We’ve been tasked by the 
to conduct the most comprehensive Open Source study in many years.
Today, @FraunhoferISI and @OpenForumEurope’s study for the @EU_Commission is out. It’s been over a year of work.
What have we found out? Strap in for a 
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Before getting going, a huge thank you to all contributors, especially @KnutBlind, @andrewjskatz and @mirkoboehm, to our 50+ strong Expert Board 
and to our project officers.
You can read the full study here, a six-page Exec Summary included.
https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/study-about-impact-open-source-software-and-hardware-technological-independence-competitiveness-and …
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What have we studied? Three major goals:
What is the economic impact of Open Source Software and Hardware (OSS and OSH) in the EU?
How is Open Source (OS) being used in the private and public sector?
What impact did OS public policies have around the world?
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What are the results? First the economics:
OSS code and components are integrated in the vast majority of software, reducing development effort and cost, increasing quality of software and freeing resources for innovation on top.
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In 2018, OSS contributed between €65 and €95 billion to the ’s economy. At a minimum, that’s the equivalent of the entire GDP of Luxembourg 
.
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OSS makes up between 0.5% and 0.7% of the ’s GDP. This means OSS contributes a similar value to the GDP as both air 
and water 
transport combined, according to Eurostat.
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Increasing globally available OSS code by 10% would increase the ’s GDP between 0.4% and 0.6%.
In the EU, OSS has a cost-benefit ratio of 1:10 and taking into account hardware and capital costs a ratio of 1:4.
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Case studies A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis was performed to enable a strategic understanding of OSS and OSH projects. A diverse set of projects were interviewed and analysed. 8/pic.twitter.com/LX5XDda6gp
Open Hardware The study provides important research on the definition of OSH and its delineation to OSS. OSH is a developing field, case studies identified characteristics indicative of success, many of them shared with OSS, but some unique to OSH. 9/
OSH Success factors
Fostering community
Availability of low-friction licensing models
Existence of organisations such as foundations which can act as a bridge between the various stakeholders
Low barrier of entry for participation
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What about the public policy analysis?
We looked at 13 countries around the 
, in the Americas 
, Asia 
and Europe 
.
We analysed & compared countries' motivations, actions and success (and failures) to understand what works and what doesn’t.
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